Center for Energetic Concepts Development, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland

References for Chapter 7 "Nanoenergetics"

1. Preparation of Nanometer ZnTiO_3 and Its Effect on Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate, Yang Xing-hao, Zhang Jing-lin, Wang Zuo-shan, [School of Chemical Engineering and Environment of North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2010, 33(2): 57-60.

Abstract: Nanometer ZnTiO3 powders were prepared by precipitation method, using TiCl4, Zn (NO3)2•6H2O and (NH4)2CO3 as primary materials. The prepared ZnTiO3 nanocrystals were characterized by XRD, FTIR and TEM. And the catalytic performance of ZnTiO3 nano-crystals for the ammonium per chlorate (AP) decomposition was investigated by DTA. ZnTiO3 with pure cube structure can be synthesized at 550℃ by this procedure. The powders was spheroid with particle size of about 100nm.The low and high temperature decomposition peaks of AP were decreased by 18.3℃ and 25.1℃ respectively when adding 5% nano-particle ZnTiO3 powder. With increasing ZnTiO3 nano-crystals content in AP, the catalytic effects of ZnTiO3 powders on the high temperature decomposition of AP are enhanced and the catalytic effects of the low temperature decomposition of AP are decreased.

2. Powder Preparation and Experimental Research for Emergency Disposal of Propellant N_2O_4 Leakage, Hou Rui-qin, [The General Equipment Department Design and Research Institute, Beijing 100028, China], Liu Zheng, [Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2010, 33(1): 43-45.

Abstract: In order to dispose propellant N2O4 leaking liquid in an emergency, uniform porous nano-size spherical Ca(OH)2 powder is prepared by CaO hydrolysis-azeotropic distillation method. The grain size of Ca(OH)2 is 200-300nm, the pore diameter is 8-15nm and the specific surface area is 63 m2/g. A movable leakage disposal device is formed by filling the prepared powder into a pressure bottle. Leakage can be controlled by spraying the powder of the device over the leakage under pressure. Experiment results show that the removal rate of NO2 gas is up to 90%.Through adsorption, absorption, infiltration, interfacial chemical reactions, Ca(OH)2 powder capture NO2 gas and cover leaking liquid, preventing its evaporation and diffusion.

3. Preparation of Co Nanometer Powder Used for AP/HTPB Propellant, Deng Guo-dong, Liu Hong-ying, Duan Hong-zhen, [National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Centre of Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2009, 32(5):66-70.

Abstract: Co nanometer powder was prepared by chemical reducing method using CoCl2•H2O and hydrated hydrazine (N2H4•H2O) as raw materials. The dendritically Co nanometer powder and the sphere Co nanometer powder were obtained under different technological conditions. The products were characterized by means of XRD and TEM, and thermal decomposition properties of AP that contain sphere Co nanometer powder were investigated by means of DTA. The results showed that the viscosity of reaction mediums and the property of dispersing agents had great influences on the particle size and appearance of the products. The sphere Co nanometer powder with particle size of 50-60nm was obtained under the best technological conditions. The sphere Co nanometer powder can reduce the decomposition temperature of AP greatly, and the burning rate of AP/HTPB propellant with the sphere Co nanometer powder of 2% can be increased and its pressure exponent can be reduced evidently.

4. Preparation and Catalysis Properties of Cr_2O_3 Nanorods, Liao Hui-wei, Mu Lan, Zheng Min, Meng Yan-yan, [Material Science and Engineering College, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang Sichuan 621000, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2009, 32(3):50-53.

Abstract: The α-Cr2O3 nano-rods were synthesized by the hydrothermal route at 180 ℃ through the reaction of chromium (III) acetylacetonate as the source of chrome and the cetyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) as surfactant. The chromium (III) acetylacetonate as the intermediate was characterized by TG-DSC and IR. The X-ray diffraction results showed that the product was α-Cr2O3 with hexagonal crystal structure. The SEM images showed that the diameter of the nano-rods was 70-80 nm and length was 0.5-1.2 μm. The DTA data showed that the original Cr2O3 nano-rods had catalytic activity on the thermal decomposition of RDX. Moreover, the annealed Cr2O3 nano-rods could accelerate the thermal decomposition process of RDX obviously and make the decomposition temperature of RDX decrease by 10 ℃.

5. Effect of Carbon Nanotubes Supporting Transition Metal Oxides on Reaction Rate of Firework of Potassium Perchlorate, Qian Xin-ming, Wei Si-fan, Deng Nan, [State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Science and Technology, Beijing 100081, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2009, 32(3):87-90.

Abstract: Carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) supporting ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and copper oxide (CuO) as composite particles catalyst was prepared by the chemical precipitation method, and characterized by XPS. The effect of Fe2O3/CNTs and CuO/CNTs composite particles catalyst on the decomposition reaction of fireworks containing potassium per chlorate (KP) was studied. The results show that Fe2O3 and CuO were coated uniformly on the surface of carbon nano-tubes. The reaction rate of KP adding Fe2O3/CNTs and CuO/CNTs composite particles catalyst was enhanced. Catalytic properties of Fe2O3/CNTs and CuO/CNTs composite particles were superior to that of Fe2O3 and CuO.

6. Preparation, Mechanical Sensitivity and Thermal Decomposition Characteristics of RDX Nano-particles, Song Xiao-lan, Li Feng-sheng Wang Yi1, An Chong-wei1,Guo Xiao-de, [National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China], Zhang Jing-lin [School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2008, 31(6):1-4.

Abstract: Via introducing 1, 2-epoxypropane as the agent for speeding up the hydrolyzation of Fe(Ⅲ) ions, RDX/Fe2O3 wet gel had been prepared by sol-gel method under the mild condition, then the RDX/Fe2O3 aero gel was obtained by means of CO2 supercritical extraction. Subsequently, the RDX nano-particles were prepared until the amorphous Fe2O3 had been etched completely with diluted hydrochloric acid. TEM, SEM, EDS, XRD and DSC were employed to characterize the nano-RDX and to investigate its thermal decomposition characteristics, and mechanical sensitivity was tested. Results indicated that the as-prepared RDX nano-particles is about 60-90nm.The impact sensitivity of nano-RDX is lower than that of the raw RDX somewhat, while its explosive probability for friction sensitivity is higher than that of raw RDX by 54%.The peak temperature and the activation energy for thermal decomposition of nano-RDX decreased by 10.74℃ and 18020J•mol-1, respectively, compared with those of the raw RDX.

7. Preparation of Nano α-Al_2O_3 Powder and Its Influence on the Impact Sensitivity of RDX, Zhang Shao-ming, Hu Shuang-qi, Zhao Hai-xia, [School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2008, 31(6):28-31.

Abstract: The nanometer α-Al2O3 powder was prepared by precipitation method with Al(OH)3 as raw material, and its structure was characterized by XRD,TEM and grain-testing. The influence of nanometer α-Al2O3 on the impact sensitivity of RDX was studied through testing the drop hammer impact of RDX and RDX/nanometer α-Al2O3.The action mechanism of the nanometer α-Al2O3 in the composite explosive was also discussed. The results showed that the average particle diameter powder of α-Al2O3 was 59.3nm, which was dispersive evenly; the impact sensitivity of RDX/nanometer α-Al2O3 decreased obviously with the increase in the nanometer α-Al2O3 content.

8. Preparation of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Its Catalysis on Fuel with High Metallic Content, Zhao Wen-zhong, Zheng Han-yong, Lin Bi-liang, [The 718 Research Institute of CSIC, Handan Hebei 056027, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2008, 31(6):69-72.

Abstract: In order to study the catalysis of iron oxide nano-particles on the metallic fuel, the nano-particles of α-Fe2O3 were prepared using iron chloride as raw material and special surfactant as dispersant agent by an ortho-normal test. Its grain size was 25.7nm, purity 99.5% and particles were spherical and well dispersed. The catalysis of iron oxide nano-particles on the peak temperature of ammonium per chlorate (AP) decomposition was investigated by TGA. The results showed that iron oxide nano-particles can decrease the low and high decomposition peak temperatures of AP by 7.37℃ and 58.12℃, while micrometer iron oxide can only decrease the two thermal decomposition peak temperature of AP by 4.21℃ and 14.31℃.The results of burning-rate test showed that iron oxide nano-particles can improve the burning rate of metallic fuel 30 percent more than micrometer iron oxide.

9. Effect of Nano-scale Catalysts on Combustion Characteristics of Smokeless Composite Modified Double-base Propellant, Wang Han, Zhao Feng-qi, Fan Xue-zhong, Li Ji-zhen, Gao Hong-xu, Shao Chong-bin, [Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2008, 31(2):30-33.

Abstract: The effect of energetic nano-scale organic lead salt (n-ONPP), nano-scale organic cupric salt (n-PAC) and carbon black (CB) on the combustion characteristics of smokeless composite modified double-base propellant (SLCMDB Propellant) is studied by uniform design and multi-factors regression analysis method, and the multi-factors regression analysis mathematics model(MFRAMM) is proposed. The results show that the mixture of n-ONPP and n-PAC, or n-ONPP and CB can obviously increase the burning rates of SLCMDB propellant at pressure less than 6MPa, while the increase is a little above 6MPa.The mixture of n-ONPP, n-PAC and CB with appropriate ratios, can not only increase the burning rates of the propellant in low and middle pressure zone, but also make the propellant produce plateau combustion in middle and high pressure zone. But the pressure range of plateau combustion is related to the various ratios of catalysts. Theoretical calculation show that n-PAC and CB play a major role of increasing the burning rate of the propellant in the pressure range of 2-4MPa, the interaction of n-ONPP, n-PAC and CB also has some effect on it. When the pressure is above 6MPa, n-ONPP and n-PAC have major effect on enhancing the burning rate of the propellant, while CB has supplementary effect on it.

10. Research Progress on Polymer/Layer Silicate Nanocomposite Materials for Anti-ablation, Li Dong, Wang Ji-gui, [Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2008, 31(2):53-56.

Abstract: Based on the microstructure of layer-silicates and the theory of thermodynamics when intercalated polymer into layer silicate, the feasibility of preparing polymer/layered silicate nano-composites and the modified methods of layer silicates were discussed. The theory of dispersion of nano-silicate in polymer melt and the key technique to reach nano-scale dispersion were introduced. The characterization and test method of microstructure, ablative mechanism and ablative properties of the composites were specialized and application prospects in rocket engine motor inner insulation were pointed out with 22 references.

11. The Applied Prospects of Nano-filler in the Modification of Unsaturated Polyester Inhibitor, Qiang Wei, Wang Ji-gui, [Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China], Chinese Jouranal of Explosives & Propellants. 2005, 28(3):37-40.

Abstract: Unsaturated polyester (UP) as a solid propellant inhibitor has deficiencies of great fragility of solidification, low coefficient of elongation at low temperature, poor flame retardancy and resistant ablation . In order to overcome the deficiencies, some methods of modifying UP inhibitor by nano-filler are presented in references. In this paper, the current situation, recent progress and applied prospects in the toughness and flame retardancy of modifying UP inhibitor by nano-filler are summarized and reviewed with 21 references.

12. The Concept and Practice of Energetic Nanomaterials, Mo Hong-jun, Zhao Feng-qi, [Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China], Chinese Jouranal of Explosives & Propellants. 2005, 28(3):79-82.

Abstract: Energetic nano-materials offer the potential of extremely high energy release, extraordinary combustion efficiency, high degree of tailor ability with regards to rate of energy release, and reduced sensitivity. In this article, the concept issue (background and connotation) of energetic nano-materials was introduced, and its recent progress in preparation, characterization, properties, relationship between structure and properties was summarized, and its superiority, possible and practical applications was reviewed with 13references respectively. In addition, some major problems in further research of energetic nano-materials and their application in ammunition were also prospected.

13. Preparation of RDX Microcrystals with Nanometer Size by Recrystallization, Zhang Yong-xu, Lü Chun-xu, Liu Da-bin, [Chemical Engineering School, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2005, 28(1):49-51.

Abstract: RDX microcrystal with different sizes from about 50 nm to several μm were prepared by simply dispersing acetone solutions of RDX into stirred water, i.e. by re-crystallization. The influence of RDX concentration of initial acetone solution on RDX microcrystal growth, and the particle size of RDX microcrystal at room temperature were studied by TEM and DLS. By controlling RDX concentration of initial acetone solution, the different sizes on the required microcrystal were obtained. A kinetic model for crystallization has been established. The relationship between RDX concentration of initial acetone and the crystal size was clarified by this model, showing that the model was well in accord with the experiment results.

14. Effect of Nano-catalysts on the Combustion Properties of DB/RDX-CMDB Propellants, Zhao Feng-qi, [Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, 710065, China], Hong Wei-liang, [Department of Chemistry and Biology, Normal College, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China], Chen Pei, [Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, 710065, China] Liu Jian-hong, [Department of Chemistry and Biology, Normal College, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China], Luo Yang, [Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, 710065, China], Gao Hong-xu, [Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, 710065, China], Wang Bai-cheng, [Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, 710065, China], Tian De-yu, [Department of Chemistry and Biology, Normal College, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China], Li Shang-wen, [Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, 710065, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2004, 27(3):13-16.

Abstract: The effects of ten kinds of nano-catalysts on the combustion properties of DB/RDX-CMDB propellant were investigated. The results show that the treated nano-composite (n-TPCC) is an effective combustion catalyst. The catalyst enables the double base propellant to emerge the mesa effect between 6 and 10MPa and its pressure exponent to decrease to -0.867. Improving the addition method of n-TPCC can obviously increase the catalytic effectively at low pressure. The n-TPCC added together with carbon black brings about RDX-CMDB propellant to possess the higher burning rates, to produce wider plateau zone from 12MPa to 22MPa and to decrease the pressure exponent to less than 0.3.

15. The Effect of Carbon Nanotubes on the Thermal Decomposition of CL-20, Yu Xian-feng, [Department 63961 of PLA, Beijing 100012, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2004, 27(3):78-80.

Abstract: The effect of carbon nano-tubes on the thermal decomposition of CL-20 is studied by means of DSD and TG. The results show that the addition of carbon nano-tubes makes the onset temperature and peak temperature of DSC curve shift downwards, the value of activation energy thermal decomposition of CL-20 decrease from 184.3 kJ/mol to 172.2 kJ/mol and its decomposition heat reduce from 2 604.48 J/g to 2 256.69 J/g. The onset and the peak temperature, value of activation energy and decomposition heat of CL-20 decrease with the increase of carbon nano-tubes.

16. Effect of Nano-catalysts on the Thermal Decomposition of Aminonitrobenzodifuroxan, Zhang Wei, Li Jie, Li Xiao-meng, Luo Yun-jun, Tan Hui-min, [School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology 100081, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2004, 27(2):48-51.

Abstract: The effect of nano-catalyists (Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, SnO2) on the decomposition of aminonitrobenzodifuroxane is studied by DSC and TG. The results show that four nano-catalysts all decrease its onset decomposition temperature and increase its end temperature. Fe2O3, TiO2, and SnO2 not only improve quantity of releasing heat of CL-18, but make the reaction relatively stable. With the increase of their content, the temperature of the most themogravimetric rate firstly increases and then decreases, but the quantity of the last solid residual always decreases. SnO2 and Al2O3 respectively make the first activation energy decrease 13.18 kJ/mol and 16.25　kJ/mol, and make the second activation energy decrease 40.49 kJ/mol and 43.96　kJ/mol. However, Fe2O3 only has an effect on the second activation energy and make it decrease 40.41 kJ/mol.

17. New Development of Explosives Technology, Wang Xiao Feng, Hao Zhong Zhang, [Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2002, 25(4):35-38.

Abstract: In this paper, the new strides of explosives technology in high energy density compounds, metallic explosives, composite explosives, application of new polymer binders, reactive materials and application of nanometer materials are introduced. Some new ideas adopted in explosives research and applications are also summarized. Then suggestion for developing explosives technology of our country is proposed.

18. The Application of Compounding Technique of Nano/Micro Particles in Solid Propellant and Explosive-II. The principle of the properties, shape, size and numbers of core particles with coating particles, Li Feng Sheng, Yang Yi, Luo Fu Sheng, Liu Hong Yun, [Superfine Powder Center of Nanjing University of Sci & Techn, Nanjing 210094, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2002, 25(4):56-58.

Abstract: In this paper, the preparation of nano/micro composite particles of combustion catayzer, the oxidant/combustible composite particles, catalyzer/oxidant composite particles and the composite explosives with the nano/micro particles compounding technique is introduced. The principle of core particles and coating particles in designing the composite particles is discussed. And key points in composite particle handling are also concerned, when nano/micro composite particles are applied to these areas. The theory for the application and designing of nano/micro composite particles in explosives solid propellants is provided.

19. Synthesis and Effect of Nanometer-sized Ferric Oxide on Catalyzing Decomposition of Absorbent Powder, Xu Hong, Liu Jian Hong, Chen Pei, [Normal College, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2002, 25(3):51-52, 65.

Abstract: Nanometer sized ferric oxide was synthesized at room temperature by humid solid state reaction. The particles were characterized by scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. The effect of nanometer sized ferric oxide on catalyzing thermal decomposition reaction of absorbent powder (nitrocellulose absorbed nitroglycerin, NC/NG) was studied by DSC. The experimental results show that nanometer sized ferric oxide can catalyze the decomposition reaction of NC/NG effectively. The mechanism of this catalytic reaction was proposed.

20. Synthesis and Microstructural Control of Nanocrystalline CuO via Precipitation, Luo Yuan Xiang, Li Dan, Yang Juan, [Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2002, 25(3):53-55.

Abstract: The nano-crystalline CuO powders with different microstructure were prepared by precipitation method using Cu(NO3)2 as copper raw material, water or ethanol as dispersants, and NaOH or NaOH Na2CO3 as precipitates. The structure, particle size and morphology of resulting CuO powders were characterized by XRD and TEM. Results indicated that the microstructure of resulting CuO powders depends on calcinations temperature, dispersants and precipitates. TEM photographs reveal that the CuO particles produced using water as dispersant are ellipsoids with good disperse, while the CuO particles produced using ethanol as dispersant are spherical shape with better disperse. Compared with NaOH as precipitate, the CuO particles produced using NaOHNa2CO3 as precipitate are smaller, but more heavily agglomerated. In addition, the catalysis of the nano-crystalline CuO powders on NH4ClO4 is investigated.

21. Study on the Properties and Improvement of HTPB, Gu Zhong Yun, Yuan Zhao Hui, Li Shang Bin, [Institute of Chemical Materials, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2002, 25(3):56-57.

Abstract: This paper has mainly studied the properties of HTPB and of blending adhesive improved by EP, 123 resin and nano materials .The formulation of adhesive were determined by primary study.

22. Research on Composite Explosive with Nano-Aluminium, Huang Hui, Huang Yong, Li Shang Bin, [Institute of Chemical Materials, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2002, 25(2):1-3.

Abstract: Particle sizes of aluminum have significant effect on detonation property of aluminum bearing explosives. We gained new composite explosive by adding 20% superfine aluminum with 50 nm particle size in bonded explosive with RDX as main explosive. The detonation property and power strength of the new composite explosive are clearly higher than that of composite explosives containing 20% aluminum with 5 μm and 50 μm particle sizes.

23. Study on the Effects of Nano-PbO on the Combustion Properties of Double-base Propellant, Zhang Xiao Hong, Long Cun, Wang Tie Cheng, [Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2002, 25(2):39-41.

Abstract: The application of using nano PbO in the double base propellant was thoroughly studied. It was found that nano PbO can be dispersed by colloid technology or ultrasonic wave technology, the catalytic ability of nano PbO is better than the common PbO, and its pressure rage of performance is larger than the common PbO. The pressure exponent of burning rate for the propellant containing nano PbO in the pressure range of 4～10 MPa is about 0.3. When nano PbO is mixed with copper compounds, the catalytic ability and the "mesa" effect can be reached, for these, it is the same as common PbO.

24. Research Status and Development Trends of Nanometer Materials in the Application of Propellants and Explosives, Zhao Feng-qi, Qin Guang-ming, Cai Bing-yuan, [Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2001, 24(4):61-65.

Abstract: This paper summarizes the research status of nanometer materials in the application of propellants and explosives, analyzes the key techniques to be solved in using nanometer materials and suggests the research direction of nanometer materials application in propellants and explosives.

25. A Novel Preparation Method to Nanometer CuO Powder, Hong Wei Liang, Zhao Feng Qi, Liu Jian Hong, Tian De Yu, Luo Zhong Kuan, [Department of Chemistry and Biology, Normal College, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2000, 23(3):1-3.

Abstract: Nanometer CuO powder was prepared by decomposition of precursors CuC2O 4•2H2O at 350℃. The precursors was synthesized by solid state reaction of Cu(Ac)2•2H2O with H2C2O4•2H2O at room temperature. The particle size and morphology of the nanometer CuO were determined by XRD and TEM. The results show that the particle sizes of samples are about 20～30nm.

26. Preparation of Composite Nanometer-sized Particle, Zhang Ru Bing, Liu Hong Ying, Li Fen Sheng, [Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2000, 23(1):59-61.

Abstract: Copper chromate was mainly used to catalyze and decompose ammonium per chlorate. Ultra fine particles of copper chromate easily aggregated in the past, thus copper chromate cannot do well in catalyzing ammonium per chlorate in the composition. In this thesis we adopt solvent and non solvent method to make sol not only become oversaturated but also precipitate crystalloid. Ammonium per chlorate crystal cladding nanometer sized copper chromate and forming composite particles were a good settlement. In compound particles, nanometer sized copper chromate particles homogeneously dispersed in ammonium per chlorate. Surface effect of nanometer sized copper chromate reduces catalytic analytical temperature of ammonium per chlorate.

27. Study on the Nanometer-sized Lead Oxide for the Burning Rate Catalysts, Ma Feng Guo, Ji Shu Tian, Wu Wen Hui, Tan Hui Min, [Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2000, 23(2):13-15.

Abstract: To study the effect of nanometer sized lead oxide on the burning property of NEPE propellant, by using FTIR, we studied the effect of burning rate catalysts on the thermal decomposition of HMX. The method of measuring burning rate by target lines at constant pressure was used to characterize the role of nanometer sized lead oxide in NEPE propellant. The IR spectroscopes showed that nanometer sized lead oxide catalysts system can be able to catalyze the decomposition of HMX. The results of the burning rate measurement showed that the nanometer sized lead oxide can play a role in decreasing the pressure exponent of NEPE propellant.

28. Preparation of Composite Nanometer-sized Particle (I), Zhang Ru Bing, Zhang Fu Qing, Li Fen Sheng, [Nanjing Institute of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 1999, 22(1):45-48.

Abstract: Copper chromate was mainly used to catalyze and decompose ammonium per chlorate. Ultra fine particles of copper chromate easily aggregated in the past, thus copper chromate cannot do well in catalyzing ammonium per chlorate in the composition. In this thesis we adopt solvent and non solvent method to make sol not only become oversaturated but also precipitate crystalloid. Ammonium per chlorate crystal cladding nanometer sized copper chromate and forming composite particles were a good settlement. In compound particles, nanometer sized copper chromate particles homogeneously dispersed in ammonium per chlorate. Surface effect of nanometer sized copper chromate reduces catalytic analytical temperature of ammonium per chlorate.

29. Preparation of Composite Nanometer-sized Particle (II), Zhang Ru Bing, Liu Hong Yin, Li Feng Sheng, [Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2000, 23(1):59-61.

Abstract: Copper oxide is a kind of catalyst that accelerates the decomposition of ammonium per chlorate. The conglobation easily occurred when ultra fine ammonium per chlorate and copper oxide were mixed in the past, and so it hadn't optimum effect on the decomposition of ammonium per chlorate. First we apply the method of spray pyrolysis to the preparation of nanometer copper oxide and then use energetic ball milling method to make nano sized copper oxide embedded in the crystalloid surface of ammonium per chlorate to form compound particle. We have preferably settled the problem. Nano sized copper oxide is uniformly scattered in compound particles. Because nano sized copper oxide is possessed of large specific area in the nature of high chemical activity, it greatly enhances catalysis effect on ammonium per chlorate and results in the thermal decomposition temperature of TiQian, decompose much faster.