Center for Energetic Concepts Development, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland

Characterization

1. Energy Characteristics Analysis of GAP-ETPE Propellant Formulations
LI Ning, XIAO Le-qin, ZHOU Wei-liang, XU Fu-ming
School of Chemical Engineering, NUST, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: The energy parameters of the designed propellant formulations based on GAP energetic thermoplastic elastomer (ETPE) are calculated by inner energy method. The results show that the RDX/ETPE/A3 propellant has an impetus about 1170kJ/kg, and replacing the RDX in RDX/ETPE/A3 propellant formulation with CL-20, TNAZ etc. makes the impetus change in linear law and can reach an ideal impetus over 1300kJ/kg. Besides, different energetic plasticizers have a great effect on the energy of these propellant formulations. The formulations containing plasticizers of BTTN or BuNENA have higher impetus, and RDX/ETPE/NC/BTTN (ETPE/NC=70/30) propellant formulation can get a high impetus over 1200kJ/kg in wide scope.

2. Influence of Al Content on the Detonation Pressure and Detonation Velocity of RDX-based Aluminized Explosive
WANG Wei, WANG Jian-ling, GUO Wei, JIA Xian-zhen, FENG Xiao-jun
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: Manganin pressure transducers and probes were respectively used to measure the detonation pressure and detonation velocity of RDX-based aluminized explosive with different Al content. Two relationships of detonation pressure and detonation velocity vs Al content, were fitted, and the influence of Al content on detonation pressure and detonation velocity of RDX-based aluminized explosive was analyzed. The result shows that the detonation pressure and detonation velocity reduce linearly with increasing of Al content, based which we gain the A(x) value of PC-J=A(x)ρ0D2 when Al content changes from 0 to 40%, and the relationship between A(x) value and Al content were fitted. Eventually,the equation between detonation pressure and detonation velocity was figured out.

3. Crack and Damage of PBX during Pressing
LIANG Hua-qiong, YONG Lian, TANG Chang-liang, CHEN Xue-ping
Institute of Chemical Materials, CAEP, Mianyang Sichuan 621900, China

Abstract: The cracking and damage of polymer bonded explosives(PBX) based on HMX pressed under 50-250MPa were investigated by SEM. The particle size distributions of HMX were measured by a laser particle size analyzer. Results show that as the porosity in samples reduces,the crystal twinning and cracking in pressed PBX increases obviously. The mean particle diameters of HMX are changed from 33.04μm before pressing to 16.92μm under 250MPa pressing. Under the condition of same pressure,the densities of shaping samples pressed at 70℃ are higher than those of samples pressed at 25℃, but the HMX cracking decrease and the mean particle diameters of HMX pressed at 70℃ are larger than those of samples pressed at 25℃.

4. Application of Hollow Glass Microspheres in Silicone Rubber Inhibitor
ZHAN Hui-an, ZHENG Han-yong, ZHAO Wen-zhong, WANG Yong-chang
Handan Purification Equipment Research Institute, Handan 056027, China

Abstract: The influence of HGMS on density, mechanical property, technological property and ablated property of silicone rubber inhibitor were investigated. The results showed that HGMS can reduce the density of the material,and impact the mechanical property severely. Surface treatment of HGMS not only reduced the influence to viscosity of rubber, but also improved the reinforcement capacity of HGMS. When use alone, the ablation rate of the materials increased quickly. After 10 portions of fumed silica added, with the increase of HGMS content the ablation rate of the materials increased slightly and then decreased rapidly.

5. Plasma Jet Characteristics of Bottom Jet Plasma Generator
ZHANG Yu-cheng1, LI Rui2, JIANG Shu-jun1, LI Qiang1, ZHANG Jiang-bo1, YAN Wen-rong1
1. Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China
2. Xi'an JIAOTONG University, Xi'an 710049, China

Abstract: An equipment of evaluating plasma jet characterisitcs, including velocity,temperature and pressure distribution was designed for understanding the plasma jet characteristic. The pressure distributing characteristic, velocity of plasma jet and plasma jet shape were determined with piezoelectric pressure measurement, photoelectric cell measurement and digital high speed camera. The results indicate that the pressure of plasma jet would attenuate rapidly with increasing of the distance to the center of plasma jet. The velocity of plasma jet is about 500m/s under the condition of the test. The movement process of the plasma can be divided into two stages, the explodig fine copper wire produces high temperature and high pressure plasma jet after discharge at the first stage, and the melting capillary produces a jet at another stage.

6. Effect of Hyperbranched Polyurethane on the Properties of PET-based Polyurethane Films
WU Bin, CHAI Chun-peng, XIA Min, LUO Yun-jun
School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: In order to improve the mechanical properties of the adhesives in PET-based solid propellant,the hyperbranched polyurethane was used as a phase to the formation of semi-IPN with PET-based polyurethane(PU). The results showed that the addition of hyperbranched polyurethane can significantly improve the mechanical properties of PET film, with the maximum elongation of 650.14% which is 2.09 times of the blank PET film under the same case of R value. The tensile strength of the hyperbranched polyurethane modified PET films with the R value of 1.5 was improved significantly to the maximum of 1.64MPa which is 2.23 times of the blank PET film. The addition of hyperbranched polyurethane played a very good role in strengthening and toughening modification of PET films.

7. Influences of Complex Curing Reagents on Mechanical Properties of PBT Matrix
ZHAI Jin-xian1, YANG Rong-jie1, LIU Hou-lang1, WU Zi-ping2
1. School of materials, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
2. Shanxi North Xing'an Chemical Industry Company Ltd., Taiyuan 030008, China

Abstract: In order to improve the mechanical properties of composite PBT(BAMO-THF, bis-azidomethyl oxetane and tetrahydrofuran copolyether) propellants, the effect of content ratio of complex curing reagents, polyisocyanate N100 and 2,4-diisocyanatotoluene(TDI), on PBT matrix was investigated. Theoretical calculation indicated that with the content of TDI increasing, network chain densities decrease from 8.15×10-5 mmol/cm3 to 3.29×10-5mmol/cm3 and number-average molecular weights increase from 5639 to 14089. Uniaxial elongation measurements showed that the stresses of the matrixes exist a peak value of 0.061MPa though the strains increase gradually from 99% to 273% with the increase in TDI content. Rheological measurements indicated that the matrix simultaneously possesses a higher stress and strain due to the formation of bimodal networks,as TDI and N100 are added in mass ratio of 1.608∶0.491.

8. Study on Overloading-resistibility of Initiator and Energetic Materials Based on the Technique of Hopkinson Pressure Bar
DENG Qiong, YE Ting, MIAO Ying-gang
School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China

Abstract: Hopkinson pressure bar technique and static hydraulic servo system INSTRON tester were used to obtain the dynamic mechanical properties of HNS at the strain rate of 10-4-10-3s-1 and to ascertain the failure model of HNS materials using the waveform regulation technique. The acceleration amplitude corresponding to critical failure of initiator at different rising time of incidence waveform was achieved by improving strike bar shape and the overloading-resistibility of initiator under overloading condition was determined. The results show that Hopkinson pressure bar technique is an efficient apparatus to simulate dynamic overloading environment.

9. Effects of Nano-Al powder on the Thermal Decomposition Catalytic Performance of Nitroamine Explosives
LIANG Lei, WANG Jing-yu, DONG Jun, AN Chong-wei
Chemical and Environment Institute of North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: The high purity nano-Al powder were prepared by DC arc plasma evaporation method. Specific surface area analyzer(BET)and scanning electron microscope(SEM) were employed to characterize the samples. The mixtures of nano-Al powder and nitroamine explosive were prepared by mixed grinding method and DSC experiments were used to characterize their catalytic performance. Meanwhile, the thermal decomposition kinetics and thermodynamics parameters of samples were calculated and compared.Results show that the peak temperatures of HMX and RDX decrease at different heating rates of 2, 5, 10 and 20K/min after the addition of nano-Al power;the activation energy decrease by 15kJ/mol and 16kJ/mol. The obvious changes also have been found in the thermodynamics parameters. Nano-Al powder has distinct catalytic performance for the thermal decomposition of HMX and RDX.

10. Effect of Humidity on Mechanical Property of HTPB Composite Propellant
LUO Tian-yuan, HUANG Wen-ming, WANG Yan-yan, LI Ze-hua
The Natural Environmental Test and Research Center of Science, Technology and Industryfor National Defense, Southwest Institute of Technique and Engineering, Chongqing 400039, China

Abstract: The change rule of mechanical property of HTPB composite propellant with test time was studied by humidity test.The effect of humidity on mechanical property of the propellant was remarkable.The mechanical property of HTPB composite propellant would resume in part after dryness. The surface state and tensile fracture of HTPB propellant before and after humidity test were analyzed by ESEM. The results revealed that the AT particle form on the propellant surface after test varied obviously, the naked area of the AP particle on the tensile fracture increased and the surface of abscission pit was smooth and regular. The reason for humidity affected mechanical property of HTPB propellant was analyzed. The results show that the mechanical property can not resume to the original state by dryness after the HTPB propellant absorbs moisture.

11. Effect of Aluminium Content on the Detonation Pressure and Shock Wave Parameters of TNT/Al Explosives
FENG Xiao-jun, WANG Xiao-feng, HUANG Ya-feng, FENG Xue-song
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The detonation pressure and air explosion shock wave parameters of different aluminized explosives based TNT were tested. The influence of aluminium on the detonation pressure, air explosion parameters and shock wave overpressure was analyzed and the relationship between detonation pressure and ratio of aluminium to oxygen was built. The shock wave similarity equations for five kinds of explosives and the equation describing detonation pressure vs shock wave overpressure were achieved. The results show that the detonation pressure decreased exponentially with the increase of aluminium content, and the shock wave overpressure reduced rapidly,while the temperature of explosive field, the maximum radius and the duration time of fireball increased.

12. Experimental Study on Infrared Thermal Image for Compressive Fatigue Process of PBX
ZHENG Xue, LI Jing-ming, LAN Lin-gang, ZHOU Hong-ping, ZHU Feng-yun
Institute of Chemical Materials, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China

Abstract: The infrared thermal images study for the compressive failure process of PBX was carried out. The results show that temperature rises obviously during the fatigue experiment, and the infrared thermal image can observe the changes in external temperature field of PBX. The fatigue temperature rise of PBX sample was influenced by frequencies,stress amplitudes and sample forms. The maximum temperature rise in fatigue was elevated with adding of load frequencies and stress range.

13. Ablative Mechanism of APP/Phyllo-Silicate/UPR Inhibitor
PI Wen-feng, YANG Shi-shan, CAO Ji-ping, WANG Ji-gui
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The anti-ablation performance of UPR inhibitor filled by phyllo-silicate and ammonium polyphosphate(APP)was investigated by oxygen-acetylene ablation test. The anti-ablation mechanism of APP/phyllo-silicate/UPR composites were analyzed by TG-DTG and SEM. The results showed that the materials represented perfect anti-ablation property when mass ratio of APP and OMMT was 20∶5 or 20∶30 APP and talcum.The linear ablation rate was 0.317mm•s-1for APP/OMMT/UPR. The actural residuum at 600℃ increase 8.2% for APP/OMMT/UPR and 3.9% for APP/talcum power/UPR. The yield char was compact and tight APP/OMMT/UPR and relaxsa for APP/talcum powder/UPR composites after ablation test.

14. Service Reliability Model of Single-base Propellant Based on Distributing of Capability Aging Quantity
GOU Yong-qiang1,2, LUO Xing-bai1, ZHANG Wen-ming2, ZHANG Yu-ling1, ZHOU Zhi-qiang3
1. Ordnance Engineering College, Shijiazhuang 050003, China
2. The 78666th Unit of PLA, Kunming 650031, China
3. Engineer Military Representative Office of the General Armaments Department in Chongqing Area, Chongqing 400010, China

Abstract: The compressive strength of different storage age propellants of certain ammunition in excess stockpile was obtained by a static state compressive strength test. The results were analyzed by theory and method of reliability. The change rule of compressive strength of the propellant in excess stockpile with time was obtained. A service reliability model of the propellant based on distributing of capability aging quantity was established. The service reliability of 7/14 single base propellant was predicted. The result indicates that the service reliabilities of the propellant fall obviously with the storage aging. The safe service life of propellant is different under condition of different press wave.

15. Analysis and Validation of Energy Transfer Mechanism of SCB Plasma
FENG Hong-yan, ZHANG Lin, ZHU Shun-guan, WAN Xiao-xia, ZHANG Lin, LI Yan, SHEN Rui-qi
School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: Based on the energy transfer mechanism between SCB plasma and the explosives, the possible energy effect forms in SCB plasma ignition process were mentioned and discussed. The parameters measuring test of different plasma and ignition test of different reagents were designed and carried out to validate some energy transfer mechanisms including the thermal conduction between SCB and the explosive material, the mechanical shock, thermal penetrability or penetration to the explosivematerial from the SCB plasma. The results show that the thermal penetrative effect of phasma to explosive materials represents in energy effect form.

16. Effect of Oil Phase Materials on Thermal Stability of Emulsion Explosives
XU Zhi-xiang, HU Yi-ting, LIU Dabin, YE Zhi-wen, WEI Yan-an
School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: The effect of oil phase materials used in emulsion explosives on the thermal stability of ammonium nitrale and emulsion matrix were investigated by an accelerating rate calorimeter(ARC). The thermodynamics datas of emulsion explosives containing oil phase materials were obtained. The thermal decomposition processes were discussed. The results show that the emulsifiers have important influence to ammonium nitrate and emulsion matrix, whereas oil substances have no influence to ammonium nitrate and emulsion matrix. Selecting suitable oil phase materials is very important to product and use of emulsion explosives, when requirement for technology produced precondition are satisfied.

17. Effect of Binder on the Flowability and Packing Density of Aluminized Explosive Moulding Power
DONG Jun, ZHAO Sheng-xiang, HAN Zhong-xi, WANG Shu-ping, DIAO Xiao-qiang, WANG Cai-ling
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: In order to study the effect of the binder on the flowability and packing density of aluminized explosive moulding powder, using the flowability measuring instrument of explosives moulding powder, and taking A-Ⅸ-Ⅱ explosives as reference standard, the flowability of the explosives moulding powder manufactured by different binder systems was determined. The results show that the aluminized explosive powder with the binder system composed of stearic acid and polyisobutylene has the flowability level approaching that of A-Ⅸ-Ⅱ explosives and packing density better than A-Ⅸ-Ⅱ explosives. The aluminized explosive powder made by the binder system is more suitable for step-press-loading charge technology.

18. Surface and Interfacial Properties of Low Smoke NEPE Propellant
ZHANG Wei, FAN Xue-zhong, FENG Li-min, LIU Qing, ZHOU Wen-jing, XIE Wu-xi, CHEN Yong-duo
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The surface and interfacial properties of the binder system, solid particles(including HMX, AP and Al) and bonding agents of low smoke NEPE propellant were studied by means of the dynamic contact angle meter and tensiometer on the principles of surface and interfacial chemistry. The results indicated that the interfacial tensions(γsl) between the particles (HMX, AP and Al) and binder system (PNT) increase in the order γAl/PNTγAP/PNTγHMX/PNTand the adhesions (Wa) between them are decrease in the order Wa(Al/PNT)Wa(HMX/PNT)Wa(AP/PNT). It was found that the bonding agents of the propellant could bond on the surfaces of the solid particles (HMX, AP and Al) and disperse in the binder system automatically. The interfaces between the bonding agent and the particles could be maintained in the binder system during the mixing process of the propellant. It was experimentally shown that the tensile strength and initial modulus of the propellant are increased and bonding strength between the particles and the binder system of the propellant are improved, these are in agreement with the results of the surface and interfacial properties measurement.

19. Application of Coated Red Phosphorus in the Anti-ablative Modification of UPR Inhibitor
PI Wen-feng, WANG Ji-gui
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: In order to improve the anti-ablation performance of unsaturated polyester (UPR) inhibitor, an effective flame retardant-coated red phosphorus was added into the UPR inhibitor material. The anti-ablation characteristics of systems coated red phosphorus/nano-Mg(OH)2/UPR, red phosphorus/micro-Mg(OH)2/UPR, red phosphorus/Al(OH)3/UPR, red phosphorus/ MA/UPR and red phosphorus/ZB/UPR was investigated by an oxy-acetylene ablation apparatus. The results show that the red phosphorus/nano-Mg(OH)2/UPR composite has the best anti-ablation performance. The linear ablation rate of red phosphorus/nano-Mg(OH)2/UPR system with mass ratio of 30∶20∶100 is 0.285 mm/s and decreases by 56% in comparison with UPR. The fire-retardant and anti-ablation mechanism of red phosphorus/Mg(OH)2/UPR system was analyzed by SEM and TGA.

20. Determination of the Concentration Profile of Functional Components in Modified Single Base Propellant by FTIR Microspectroscopy
PAN Qing, WANG Qiong-lin, WANG Ming, CHEN Zhi-qun
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The concentration profiles of functional components of NA polyester deterrent and nitroglycerine in 11/7 modified single base propellant were investigated by FTIR microspectroscopy. The results show that the NA polyester concentration decreases in the near surface of propellant exponentially from the surface inwards, which is in accord with the second Fickian diffusion model,the diffusion depth is about 220 μm. The variation curve of nitroglycerine concentration reveals a parabola along radius,the diffusion depth is about 320 μm.

21. Desensitivity Mechanism of Composite Desensitizer to THL Explosive
HUANG Wen-bin,WANG Qin-hui, WANG Hao, JIN Da-yong
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: In order to reduce the sensitivity of THL explosives,the composite desensitizer composed of microcrystal, macromolecule prepolymer and NC was added to the THL explosive. The mechanical sensitivity and safty of anti-overload THL90/desensitizer10 explosives was tested. The desensitivity mechanism was discussed. The results showed that macromolecule prepolymer and NC had good emulsification to wax, and PE, TNT had swelling and dissolution effect to nitrocellulose. The emulsification of desensitizer was the principal factor that brought the desensitivity of the explosive. The friction sensitivity and impact sensitivity of insensitive THL explosive were 0 and 24%,respectively.

22. Influence of Phosphate Deterrent on Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane Coating
CHANG Hai1, ZHANG La-ying2 ,LIU Zi-ru2 ,SHI Ai-juan2
1. Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science,Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
2. Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Insititute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The dynamic mechanical properties of a series of polyurethane with various contents of the deterrent were characterized by using a dynamic mechanical analyzer. The viscoelastic coefficients Cg1, Cg2 and the activation energy Ea on the α-relaxation transition of the polyurethanes were obtained according to the time-temperature equivalence principle.The results showed that appropriate content (10%) of melamine phosphate deterrent made the storage modulus E' increase enormously at low temperature.With increase of the deterrent, the peak value and area for tanδ on the α-relaxation became lower;then the E' at low temperature and the peak temperatures (i.e.glass transition temperature Tg) for tanδ on the α-relaxation decreased as the continued increase of deterrent contents. On the basis of inerratic change of the Cg1, Cg2, bT and Ea of the α-relaxation,the influence of the deterrent on the dynamic mechanical properties of polyurethane was explained by the free volume theory and the relation for bT and system density. It is shown that the appropriate content of the deterrent not only have the reinforce effect but also has plasticization agent effect. At the same time, the plasticization effect becomes more dominant with the increase of the deterrent content.

23. Determination of Hydarzinium Nitroformate Content by UV-Spectrophotometry
LU Lei-ming1, SUN Xian-ming1, LI Jun-xian2, MA Ying-hua2
1. Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang Henan 471003, China
2. Liming Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Luoyang Henan 471000, China

Abstract: A method for qualification and quantification of hydrazinium nitroformate(HNF) by ultraviolet spectrophotometry was established. The results show that solution of HNF in water has the maximum absorbance at 350 nm. The concentration of standard HNF was correlated very well to its optical density at 350nm in the range of 0-8 mg • L-1 with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.9999. This method has the advantages of fast rate, accuracy and less facility request, and can be used in the process of synthesis and product of HNF for qualification and quantification.

24. Acoustic Emission in Compression of RDX Crystalline Particles
TAN Wu-jun1,2, LI Ming1, TANG Xing1, HUANG Hui1
1. Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang Sichuan 621900, China
2. Graduate Department of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang Sichuan 621900, China

Abstract: In the compression of RDX crystalline particles, plenty of acoustic emission signals were produced and detected by an acoustic emission monitor. Analysis of characteristic parameters shows that the signals of particles are extremely abundant, and the curves of amplitude, hit counts/rate and rise time vs.time relation can be divided distinctly into three segments, which corresponds to the three stages in RDX particles compression, i.e., flowing and rearrangement, deformation and fragmentation, and compaction stage. By acoustic emission detecting, the variation of mechanical behavior in particles compression is revealed, and proofs for studies are provided.

25. Load Environmental Test of Explosive JOB-9003
YAN Xi-lin, ZHOU Yang, ZHOU Xiao-yu
Institute of Chemical Materials, CAEP, Mianyang Sichuan 621900, China

Abstract: The load environmental tests of 5MPa axial compression stress have been applied to explosive JOB-9003 under the temperature circulation. The test data show that the properties of the explosive have changed obviously after the tests. Under the condition of load environmental and temperature circulation, the radial dimension of explosive JOB-9003 increases while the axial dimension decreases. The changes of the two dimension are proximite. Comparing to the axial dimension, the contribution of the radial dimension to the volume is greater. So the volume of the sample increase and the density reduce. In addition, the compressive strength,the maximum creep strain and the creep rupture time all reduce obviously. But the modulus keeps no changes. It is analyzed that, the changes of the dimension, density and mechanical properties are owing to the changes of the tiny cavities in explosive JOB-9003 in the load environmental tests.

26. Ultra-fine RDX Coated with Stearic Acid and Its Impact Sensitivity
LI Dan1, WANG Jing-yu1, JIANG Xia-bing2, LI Li2
1. Chemical Industry and Ecology School of North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
2. Sichuan Staff University of Science and Technology, Sichuan Chengdu 610101, China

Abstract: In order to improve the property of ultra-fine RDX, high explosive formulation with low sensitivity is obtained based on ultra-fine RDX and stearic acid(SA) as insensitive additive. Ultra-fine RDX can be coated by SA, which is proved through testing contact angle and caculating surface energies. The morphology of RDX coated by SA was characterized with scaning electron microscope, showing that the morphology was obviously improved. The testing result of impact sensitivity for ultra-fine RDX coated by SA can decrease its impact sensitivity, indicating that adding the insensitive binder SA in ultra-fine RDX is an effective approach of decreasing the sensitivity of high explosives.

27. Measurement and Correlation of HMX Solubility in DMSO,Acetone and Nitric acid
WU Zhi-yuan, JIANG Xia-bing, ZHANG Jing-lin, WANG Jin-ying, LIANG Yi-qun
Chemical Industry and Ecology School of North University of China, Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030051

Abstract: In order to prove and determine the linear relation between natural logarithm of molar fraction of HMX solubility and the reciprocal of corresponding absolute temperature, the solubility of HMX in dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO), 68% nitric acid at 293-363K and in acetone at 273-328K were determined by static equilibrium method in a reliable common apparatus for measuring solid solubility in liquid. The data of HMX solubility obtained at various temperatures was correlated by the least-squares method, the linear equations of HMX solubility in three solvents versus the reciprocal of corresponding absolute temperature were fitted and given. Based on one of the equations, the solubility of HMX in 68% nitric acid at different temperature was calculated and compared with relevant measured value. The average relative error between both is lower than 0.5%. Moreover the model of solution-crystallization was listed and the metastable zone was also determined.

28. The Evaluating Model of Critical Diameter of Explosive Based on Elman Neural Network
YU Guo-qiang, LIU Yu-cun
College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: The grey relation analysis is used to analyze the factors affecting the critical diameter. 11 kinds of factors such as the ignition point of 5s delay,polarizability,combustion heat,particles size are chosen out to set up the ANN predicted model of predicting the critical diameter of explosives.The critical diameter of RDX、PA、TNT under certain density and grading are predicted by the Elman neural network model.Comparison of the predicted data with literature ones shows that the error is 25.73%,11.54% and 21.48%,respectively.The simulated results indicate that the Elman model could give out a comparatively accurate result with few data.Therefore the method is suitable for evaluating the critical diameter of explosives.

29. Effect of Variable Fillers on Detonation Performance of Cannular Double-base Propellant
YANG Hui-qun1,WANG Ze-shan2
1.School of Chemical Engineering and Environment,North University of China,Taiyuan 030051,China
2.School of Chemical Engineering,Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: To improve the safety of explosive charge,non-whole double-base propellants were served as main explosive charge, and their clearance were respectively filled with oxidant gel solution, air, sand, water, wood and rubber etc. The detonation performance of explosive were measured by ionization method and witness steel-plate. The results showed that the detonation velocity for main explosive charges whose clearances filled with oxidant gel solution and water is bigger, detonation with filled air were incomplete. The expression describing the relation of detonation velocity with segment length and clearance size was obtained for non-whole charge whose clearances filled with oxidant gel solution and air.

30. Research on Mechanical Performance of Composite Propellant with Cohesive Interface Debonding
QU Kai, ZHANG Xu-dong, LI Gao-chun
Department of Aircraft Engineering, Naval Aeronautical Engineering University, Yantai Shandong 264001, China

Abstract: Based on cohesive interface debonding model, the Mori-Tanaka method is used to study the effect of nonlinear interface debonding on the mechanical performance of composite propellant. The simulated calculation results show that the polynomial interface model can effectively simulate the debonding process of the particle and matrix. The particle size, volume fraction in composite propellant and the max cohesive stress of the particle and matrix obviously affect the machanical performance of the propellant.

31. Research Progress on Solid Hydrocarbon Fuel
ZHAO Qing-hua, LIU Ji-wei
Inner Mongolia Synthetic Chemical Engineering Institute, Huhehaote 010010, China

Abstract: The characteristics of the solid hydrocarbon fuel-rich propellant was introduced, and the development and status in quo of solid hydrocarbon fuel as well as species and performance of the existing solid hydrocarbon fuel were summarized. By evaluating and comparing the performances of the solid hydrocarbon fuel, anthracene and C22H24 alkene dimers were considered as the fuel having the best practicability in being, the employing of fullerene, cubane and homocubane was the prospective development trend, with 26 references.

32. A New HMX-based Low-sensitive High Energy PBX Explosive Containing LLM-105
LI Yu-bin, HUANG Hui, LI Jin-shan, LI Hai-bo
Institute of Chemical Materials, CAEP, Mianyang Sichuan 621900, China

Abstract: The desensitizing effect of morphology of LLM-105 particles on HMX was studied, and binder system and desensitizer system for formulation based on HMX and LLM-105 were selected. A formulation based on HMX and LLM-105 was designed. The safety of the new formulation was characterized with friction, impact sensitivity and shock sensitivity, and the plate dent test and cylinder test were conducted to characterize its performances. The results indicate that LLM-105 can be used in main charge as an energetic desensitizer. The HMX-based PBX containing LLM-105 has high energy which detonation velocity is above 8700m/s and detonation pressure is more than 34GPa, and specific dynamic energy is above 1.560kJ/g, the shock sensitivity is ten percent less than that of JOB-9003 explosive. This formulation is a new style low sensitive high energy explosive.

33. Experimental Research on Dynamic Pressure Resistance Ability of Emulsion Matrix
WU Hong-bo, YAN Shi-long, LIU Feng
School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan Anhui 232001, China

Abstract: Using underwater explosion test system, dynamic pressure was carried on emulsion matrix and emulsion explosives sensitized by glass micro-balloon (GMB) respectively, and the electrical conductivity pressed fore-and aft were measured, which was denoted demulsification degree. Experimental results show that the electrical conductivity of emulsion matrix changes a little, but that of the emulsion explosive changes greatly. So the dynamic pressure resistance ability of emulsion matrix is better than emulsion explosive.

34. Experimental Research on Dynamic Pressure Resistance Ability of Emulsion Matrix
WU Hong-bo, YAN Shi-long, LIU Feng
School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan Anhui 232001, China

35. Determination of the Cross-Link Density of NEPE Propellant by the Swelling Method
ZHANG Wei, FAN Xue-zhong, YANG Cai-ning, XIE Wu-xi, CHEN Yong-duo, YU Hong-jian
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The suitable experimental conditions for the swelling test to determine the cross-link density of NEPE propellant were studied to analyze the relations between the cross-link network and the mechanical properties of the propellant. It is found that the relative cross-link densities(ve) and the relative molecular weights between the cross-links(c) of the NEPE propellant are in the range of 0.5832×10-4mol/cm3 to 0.5899×10-4mol/cm3 and 4074g/mol to 4046g/mol, respectively,when swelling the sample in toluene for longer than 48h at 25℃, showing that the value of ve for NEPE propellant determined by the swelling method had a better repeatability. The changes of the cross-link network parameters (G,ve and c) obtained by the swelling method are in accord with the changes of the mechanical properties (E,σm,εm,εb) of the propellant.

36. Determination of the Components in Composite Explosive by Near Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy
SU Peng-fei, ZHANG Gao, WEN Xiao-yan, ZHOU Wen-jing, CHEN Zhi-qun, HU Lan
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065 China

Abstract: A novel method for fast determining the content of five components in composite explosive composed of HMX, composite binder, polytetrafluoroethylene and wax is studied by near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Models are established with PLS regression and then are validated by cross-validation and external-validation. The results indicated that the five models have considerable accuracy and precision. The correlation coefficient of cross-validation is 0.9311 to 0.9874, and the RMSECV is 0.100 to 0.582. The SEP of external-validation is 0.069～0.371, and the t-test result shows no obvious difference beteen NIR method and the chemical analysis. The new method is fast, non-destructive and accurate.

37. Synergistic Effects of ZrO_2/Tricresylphosphate(TCP) on Flame Retarded Polybutyl Methacrylate
WANG Xin-long1, MIAO Cai-qin2, JU Chang-xun1, ZHANG Yue-jun1
1. School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
2. North Xing'an Chemical Industry Limited Corporation of Shanxi, Taiyuan 030008, China

Abstract: A study of improving the flame retardancy property of polybutyl methacrylate (PBA) by ZrO2 and tricresylphosphate(TCP) was carried out. The results showed that both the amount of two additives and ZrO2/TCP ratios influenced the synergistic effect. When the amount of ZrO2 and TCP was 10% (mass fraction) and the ratio of ZrO2/TCP was 3∶7, the OI of PBA composite could reach 24.6 and the best synergistic effect was obtained. The carbonization mechanism and synergistic effects were studied by thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA), digital photos, Raman spectra and Fourier transform infrared spectra(FTIR). The results showed that when the amount of ZrO2and TCP was 10%(mass fraction) and the ratio of ZrO2/TCP was 3∶7, the char yield of PBA composite at 500℃ was 14.7%. The results also provide evidences that ZrO2 can influence the structure of char layer by catalyzing and crosslinking.

38. Influence of Environmental Humidity on the Thermal Decomposition of One New Type Propellant By Microcalorimetry
ZHANG Jun1, LU Gui-e1, CAO Hong-an2, ZHU Jian3
1. Ordnance Engineering Institute, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
2. Wuhan N.C.O Academy of PLA, Wuhan 430075, China
3. Businness Agencies of 73909 Force, Xuzhou Jiangsu 221004, China

Abstract: To explore the influence rule of environmental humidity on thermal decomposition of a new type propellant, the environmental conditions with different humidity in the experiment were achieved by manual simulating with saturation solution of salt. A constant heating-rate experiment of the propellant was performed on a microcalorimeter. The characteristic data of heat flow curves of the propellant were obtained under the different humidity conditions. The experimental results were treated and analyzed. The result indicated that the humidity has little impact on the reaction heat. The initial accelerating decomposition temperature and the time needed from initial accelerating decomposition to maximum rate decrease with increasing the humidity.

39. Energy Output and Mechanical Characteristics of Composite Explosive KD-1
LIAO Xue-yan, SHEN Zhao-wu, MA Hong-hao, FAN Zi-jian
Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

Abstract: In order to simultaneously solve the energy output and mechanics intensity of explosives,a new composite explosive KD-1 was prepared. The energy output characteristics of the composite explosive was investigated by underwater explosion pressure test system. The results show that the peak pressure and specific energy of shock wave of KD-1 explosives are higher than those of RDX. The peak pressure of shock wave of KD-1 explosives is 1.1 times of RDX, and explosion heat 1.3 times of RDX. The pressure resistance performances were tested by an omnipotence experimentation machine. The results show that the compressive strength of KD-1 is 6.82MPa and failure strain 4.3%.

40. Effect of Particle Size of AN on the Mechanical Sensitivity of Modified AN
LIU Lian-sheng1,2, WU Chun-ping1,2, WANG Xu-guang2
1. Beijing University of Science and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
2. Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Beijing 100044, China

Abstract: In order to make the powdery modified ANFO to replace the AN-TNT explosive truly in the performance and understand the relations between the particle size of AN and the mechanical sensitivity, the mechanical sensitivity of modified AN with different particle sizes is tested by referring to the standardization method GJB772A-97. The experimental results show that the particle sizes of modified AN have an obvious effect on the mechanical sensitivity, and the mechanical sensitivity increases with the increment of particle size of modified AN in a particle size range. The mechanical sensitivity will decrease with the increment of particle size when the particle size of modified AN exceed certain range. The mechanism and factors of particle size affecting mechanical sensitivity are theoretically analyzed.

41. Properties of Modified Phospholipids and Its Application in Emulsion Explosive
LIU Yan, FENG Ling-qin, WEI Yan-an
School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: In order to develop new composite emulsifiers, the mixture of Span80 and chemical modified phospholipids according to proportion in emulsion explosive was used. The emulsifying and dispersive ability of the chemical modified phospholipids, compatibility of the composite emulsifiers and AN were performed by DSC. The storage stability and oil film intensity of emulsion obtained by hiqh low temperature cycle and single droplet method were studied. The results show that the chemical modified phospholipids have excellent emulsifying and dispersive ability. The compatibility of the composite emulsifiers with AN is good. The storage stability and oil film intensity of emutsion are enhanced. The emulsion explosive prepared by the composite emulsifiers conform to specifications of standardization method GB18095-2000. Its detonation velocity is 3300m/s, brisance 12.5mm and sympathetic detonation over 3cm.

42. Effect of Ligand Bonding Agent-603 on the Impact Sensitivity of Sub-micron CL-20
WANG Bao-guo, ZHANG Jing-lin, PENG Ying-jian
College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: The effect of ligand bonding agent-603 (LBA-603) on the impact sensitivity of sub-micron CL-20/LBA-603 system was studied using the drop hammer impact test of sub-micron CL-20 and sub-micron CL-20/LBA-603 system. The action mechanism of LBA-603 in the composite explosive was investigated. The results indicate that LBA-603 was precipitated on the surface of sub-micron CL-20 and sub-micron CL-20 was coated at the same time because of induction effect between LBA-603 and the group of-NO2 of sub-micron CL-20. LBA-603 has energy buffer effect, endothermic action and surface finishing action. The impact sensitivity of sub-micron CL-20/LBA-603 system reduces greatly with increasing LBA-603 content in the composite explosive. In contract with sub-micron CL-20, the 50% drop height of sub-micron CL-20/LBA-603(90/10) is 10.96cm higher than that of sub-micron CL-20 with 2.5kg drop hummer.

43. Melting Point of HMX and the Estimation of the Impurity RDX Content in HMX
LUAN Jie-yu, CHEN Zhi-qun, ZHANG La-ying, REN Xiao-ning
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: To fix the factors affecting the HMX melting point, the melting point experiment of pure samples HMX was made by DSC and digital melting point instrument. HMX sample containing RDX and the contents of RDX in HMX ascend gradually by recrystaling in acetone was prepared and their melting points were determined. The results show that the factors affecting the melting point were organic impurity contents in the sample and recrystaling way. There was a relativity between the impurity content and the melting point over the RDX content from 0 to 25% and 94% to 100% in HMX, indicating that the impurity content can be deduced approximately by the melting point.

44. Application of Composite Propellant Used in Propellant Powered Casing Patching and Reinforcing Device
YUAN Qiu-chang, SUN Yang, YU Rong, WANG Jian, YAO Yuan-wen
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: A composite propellant used for downhole damaged casing patching and reinforcing device was developed. Two propellant formulations were presented based on test research. Some of inert auxiliary plasticizer were added in composite propellant so as to depress buring rate and combustion temperature. The burning rate, sensitivity, heat resistance and thermal stability of the propellant were tested. The results obtained by sample test and thousands of field test validated the applicability of the composite propellant. The relation between release strength and the minimum charge is presented. The results show that the present composite propellant can suffice the performance requirement of propellant powered casing patching and reinforcing device.

45. Energetic Characteristics of the PNMMO Propellant
ZHANG Wei, YU Hong-jian, FAN Xue-zhong, GAN Xiao-xian, MO Hong-chang
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The molecular structure,physicochemical and safety properties of the hydroxyl-terminated 3-nitrato-methyl-3-methyloxetane (PNMMO) were studied by GPC, DSC and densimeter, etc. Its density, enthalpy of formation, glass transition temperature, friction sensitivity and critical height of drop (H50) are 1.26g/cm3,-1933.74kJ/kg,-30℃, 0% and 109.6cm,respectively. The maximum stress and strain of the PNMMO elastomers are 3.54-7.72MPa and 253%-279%, respectively. The theoretical specific impulses of the PNMMO,NEPE and GAP propellants are calculated by the propellant energy calculation program,indicating that the theoretical specific impulse of the PNMMO propellant is 68-140N•s•kg-1higher than those of the NEPE propellant and 3-7N•s•kg-1 lower than those of the GAP propellant.

46. Composite Propellant with Low Residue Percentage and Low Burning Rate Used in the Bridge-plug Equipment
FENG Guo-fu, WANG Han, WANG Chang-shuan, ZUO Jing
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: In order to improve the disadvantages of high residue percentage after combustion and low burning rate in the first generation composite propellant used in the bridge-plug equipment in oil-well, a formulation of composite propellant based on the KNO3/AP/HTPB system was designed. The effect of different burning rate inhibitor, granularity of AP and catalyst on the burning rate, residue percentage after combustion and combustion stability of the composite propellant were studied. The results show that, burning rate inhibitor, ammonium oxalate, has better function of decreasing the burning rate and residue percentage after combustion for the propellant. The increase of the granularity of AP is helpful to decrease the burning rate of the propellant. The catalyst can improve the combustion stability of the propellant. It is tested that, the composite propellant has the advantages of low residue percentage and low burning rate, compared with the first generation product and the same type foreign product, the comprehensive characteristic of the propellant reach to the advanced level of foreign country.

47. Experimental Study on the Explosive Damage and Environment Adaptability of Damaged Explosive
YIN Jun-ting1, YUAN Bao-hui1, NIU Peng-jun2, LIU Yang1, CHEN Jin1
1. Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China
2. Military Office, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: To investigate explosive damage and the security of damaged explosives,the temperature damage of boundary-limit pressed PBX explosive produced by high and low temperature storage experiment and temperature impact experiment was carried out.Impact damage test was performed by impact, vibration and depreciation method. The characterization of damaged explosives was studied by computed tomography (CT). The environment adaptability of damaged explosives was studied by impact, vibration and depreciation experiment. The results show that the experiments bring explosive crack damages. The temperature impact create more crack damages. After the environment adaptability experiment, explosion or combustion phenomenon is not happened to the damaged explosive.

48. Evaluation Methods of Solid Propellant Grain Reliability
YAN Da-qing, SHAN Jian-sheng, MENG Ya-tao
No.47 Institute of the Fourth Academy of CASC, Xi'an 710025, China

Abstract: In order to meet the demand of developing the evaluation methods for reliability of solid rocket motor, the current situation about structural reliability factors, evaluation methods and failure modes in reliability evaluation of solid propellant grain are reviewed. The overload test firing principles and examples, the existing problems and major pioneer studies in three research areas involved in grain reliability evaluation, namely failure criteria, structural analysis methods, as well as propellant response and failure properties,are discussed in detail. The problems faced are presented, and the development directions are pointed out.

49. Study on the Micromechanics of the NEPE Solid Propellant
CHEN Yu, LIU Yun-fei, TAN Hui-min
School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: In-situ observations of fracture processes in scanning electron microscope were employed to study the tensile fracture behavior of the NEPE solid propellant. It was found that the dewetting behavior between the particle and the binder is the dominating factor for the damage of the propellant. The process of fracture was studied quantificationally through the digital imaging processing. The fractal dimensions of the image were calculated. It was found that the fractal dimensions were increased as the process of the tensile. The calculated fractal dimensions could be applied for evaluating the damaging process of the solid propellant quantificationally.

50. Safe Storage Life Estimation of a Certain Catapult Missile Motor Charge
LU Ming-zhang1, ZUO Ying-ying2, LIU Suo-en2
1. PLA91049, Qingdao 266000, China
2. Shanxi North Xing'an Chemical Industry Co. Ltd., Taiyuan 030008, China

Abstract: In order to exactly determine the safe storage life of a certain catapult missile motor charge, natural storage test was carried out. After stored for ten years, the X-ray detection, combustion property, physico-chemical property, chemical stability, mechanical property and internal ballistic property of the missile motor charge were tested and measured. Results show that the safe storage life of the catapult missle motor charge is determined as ten years at least.

51. Detonation Field Temperature and Pressure Test under Semi-enclosed Conditions
LI Yuan-yuan, NAN Hai
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: Through the determination of the detonation field temperature and pressure parameters of explosives with different aluminium content, the response characteristics and rule of detonation field temperature and pressure of explosive in semi-enclosed condition were studied. The results show that the designed device is suitable to investigate the temperature-pressure performances of explosives in semi-enclosed condition. The overpressure curve measured in semi-enclosed condition is different from that in air. The pressure of ideal single explosive is obviously higher than that of aluminized explosive. Increasing the aluminium content makes the detonation field temperature and durations of detonations pressure and detonation field temperature on environment increase. When the mass proportion of aluminium powder is 30%-41%, the flat of detonation field temperature appears at about 1000℃. The distance affect distribution of temperature and pressure in semi-enclosed condition.

52. Study on LOVA Performances Test of a New Propelling Charge
HAN Bo1, ZHANG Xiao-zhi1, XING Yu-ren2
1. Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
2. Liaoning Qingyang Chemical Industry Factory, Liaoyang Liaoning 111001, China

Abstract: In order to avoid the accidents of combustion and explosion in bad environment during the war, the LOVA performances of a new propelling charge were determined. Based on the evaluation of environment characteristics of the charge, the possible exposed dangerous resources are judged by analyzing the experience data,the testing items of the LOVA are determined by cutting the testing item after the evaluation of the dangers, and four testing items, including 12 meters drop test, rapid cook-off test, bullet impact test and shaped charge jet impact test, are carried out. The results show that the new charge meets the demands to evaluate LOVA performance.

53. Influence of Sensitizing Methods upon Pressure Desensitization of Emulsion Explosive
WANG Yin-jun(1,2), WANG Xu-guang2, SONG Jin-quan2
1. Civil & Environmental Engineering School, University of Science and Technology of Beijing, Beijing 100083
2. Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Beijing 100044, China

Abstract: The desensitization of emulsion explosives sensitized by three methods and subjected by dynamic pressure was studied. Shock waves produced by the three explosives desensitized or not was caught by a measurement system, and the desensitization degree was calculated with parameters of shock waves. The influence of sensitizing methods on desensitization was analyzed by comparing the desensitization degree of them. The result shows that sensitizing methods influences desensitization of emulsion explosives subjected by dynamic pressure greatly. In the same measurement conditions, the desensitization of emulsion explosives sensitized by expanded perlite is high, that sensitized by chemical gas bubbles is low, and that sensitized by glass microballon (GMB) is between them.

54. Determination of the Purity of FOX-7 by Reversed Phase HPLC
HU Ling,ZHANG Min,ZHOU Cheng,TIAN Hong-Yuan
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The purity of FOX-7 was determined by reversed phase HPLC . The operation for the reversed phase HPLC method was:statinary phase, C_(18)(4.6mm×250mm i.d.,10μm);column temperature, ambient temperature; mobile phase, methanol-water-acetic acid mixture; flow rate,1.0ml/min; sample size, 20μl; UV detection wavelength , 252nm.The results show that FOX-7 and possible by-products were separated. The resolutions were 1.04 and 1.96 respectively. In the concentration range of 6.6～66μg/ml,the C vs. H relationship between the concentration of FOX-7(C) and peak height of chromatogram (H)is H=1.5047C+0.7857. The linear correlation coefficient was 0.9998. The purity of FOX-7 obtained by correction faction normalization method was 99.70%with RSD of 0.22%(n=3).

55. Application of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomer in Modified Double Base Propellant
HE Ji-yu1, LIU Suo-en2, BIAN Xiao-guo2, TAN Hui-min1
1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
2. Shanxi Xing'an Factory of Chemical Materials, Taiyuan 030008, China

Abstract: In order to improve the mechanical properties, a novel thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer(TPUE) with good miscibility with NG and NC is synthesized and used in modified double base propellant. The effects of TPUE on the mechanical properties, technique properties, combustion and energy properties of nitramine modified double base propellant are studied. It is concluded that when the TPUE is introduced into modified double base propellant, the mechanical properties especially at low temperature,and the technique properties are remarkably improved and the burning rate and explosion heat are slightly lowered.

56. The Influence of Propellant Flame Soot on the Precision of CARS Thermometry Measurement
HAO Hai-xia, LI Chun-xi, WANG Jiang-ning, ZHAO Feng-qi
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The quantity of propellant flame soot was characterized with the light transmission including the laser transmission and the visible light transmission, the computed temperature in theory was chosen as the relative standard temperature of CARS temperature, and the value of CARS temperautre was compared with that measured by a thermocouple technique. Studying the correlation between the light transmission and the difference of CARS temperature and the theoretical temperature, the conclusions were obtained that the variation of CARS temperature is augmented with the soot increase in propellant flame and that the relationship between propellant flame soot and the precision of CARS temperature measurement is basically linear.

57. Mechanical Performance of Coating-layer of LTSC Propellant
DU Ping, HE Wei-dong, WANG Ze-shan
Nanjing University of Science and Technology Chemistry School, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: Aiming at current TEGDN coated propellant, the mechanical performance of interior-exterior coating-layer is studied at different temperatures. The difference of mechanical performance of interior-exterior coating-layer is discussed by means of tensile test, compressing test and impactive test. The broken-hole laws of current TEGDN coated propellant are obtained by terminating-burning experiments.The results show that the mechanical performance of interior-exterior coating-layer is heavily affected by the factor of temperature.This characteristics can be utilized to manufacture LTSC coated propellant. When titanium dioxide as an anti-combustion addictive added into the coating-layer, the mechanical performances of coating-layer turn worse, but its tendency does not change, and will not influence the whole capability of coated propellant.

58. Determination of Metal Component in Propellant by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
HU Lan1, WEI Xin-nian2, ZHANG Gao1, LIANG Yi1
1. Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China
2. The Center of Shannxi Producer, Xi'an 710054, China

Abstract: The laboratory-made composite propellant as standard samples are used for the construction of calibration curves, and the contents of Al and Mg in standard samples were measured by chemical methods. The contents of magnesium and aluminium in the propellant were determined also by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The results show that the relative standard deviation of ten measurements for the contents of Al and Mg are 0.023%,0.061% ,respectively. The results of the contents of Al and Mg obtained by XRE are in good agreement with that obtained by chemical methods, and the former is more faster and easier than the latter method. The XRF method is especially suitable to determine metal component in propellant.

59. Ways of Enhancing the Fuel Surface Regression Rate in Hybrid Rocket Motor, SONG Zhi-bing, Wang Zhen-guo, Fang Ding-you, Zhang Wei, Xia Zhi-xun, Hu Jian-xin, [Institute of Aerospace and Material Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2008. 31(1):78-82

Abstract: The low fuel regression rate in hybrid motor is the principal factor affecting the application of the motor. The paper summarized and analyzed the different ways to enhance the fuel regression rate of hybrid motor reported in literatures. Two main approaches to increase the burning rate of solid fuel were understood. The first one is to use additives such as AP and Al powder in the fuel compositions. The second one is to form swirl flow of liquid oxidizer injected into the fuel port. These ways are of great importance to enhance the performance of hybrid rocket motor.

60. Progress in the Thermoplastic Elastomer Propellant at Abroad, Zheng Lin, [Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2007. 30(6):64-67, 71.

Abstract: The progresses in the kind of raw materials, energy properties, mechanical and technological properties, combustion property, interior ballistic performance, and vulnerability of thermoplastic elastomer propellant development of thermoplastic elastomer propellant were summarized and reviewed. The results show that the thermoplastic elastomer propellant is a new type of propellant with high energy, low explosion temperature, low vulnerability and recycling characteristic, and is major the development direction of future gun propellants.

61. Microstructures of ANFO Explosives, Zeng Gui-yu, Huang Hui, Lü Chun-xu, [College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China], Yu Wei-fei, Li Wei, [Institute of chemical materials, CAEP, Mianyang Sichuan 621900, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2007. 30(5):19-22.

Abstract: In order to understand the microstructure of ammonium nitrate (AN)-oil explosives, scanning electric microscopy (SEM) and density measuring method are used to characterize the microstructures of ANFO explosives made from four different states AN and fuel oil. A section technique is used for the first time to observe the intra-granular microstructure in ANFO explosives particles. The results show that ANFO explosive made from un-expanded AN particles has few pores and cracks inside and outside of the particles, its surface is more smoother than expanded ANFO explosives particles. While expanded ANFO explosives particles have many holes, cracks and protuberances, heir particle surface reveals accident, there are many voids and twin crystals lying in the interior of expanded ANFO particles.EANFO-34 sample has some marked characteristics in pores and scrambling, many holes also exist inside particles. The results also show that the crystal growth of expanded AN particles is not completed.

62. Study on Microstructure of NEPE Propellants Using Difference of Solubility, Liu Yong, Wang Luo-xin, Tuo Xin-lin, Li Song-nian, Wang Xiao-gong, [Institute of Polymer, Department of Chemical Engineering of Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2007. 30(5):53-56.

Abstract: To probe the microstructure of NEPE composite propellants and get the morphology of each constitute in propellants, the solvent process of NEPE propellants in water and tri-chloromethane was studied. The data of mass loss and the results of ion concentration changing were obtained from the test. Scanning Electron Microscope was used to observe the dissolve residual of NEPE propellants. The results show that most solid particles in origin NEPE propellants are wrapped by polymer binder. The microstructure of NEPE propellants is compact, so H2O and CHCl3 molecular can only seep in it. The cross-linkage rate of propellants binder is low, so un-cross linked binder on surface part can enter solvent easily. The bonding between solid particles and polymer binder is not firm since most of the solid particles would leave binder when it was stretched.

63. Research on Performance of PEDMA Deterring-coating-layer of Propellant, Du Ping, He Wei-dong, Wang Ze-shan, [Chemistry School, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094,China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2007.30(5):70-73, 80.

Abstract: In order to study the mechanism of macromolecule deterring propellant on changing burning law, the polymerizing conditions, mechanical and thermal decomposition performance of coating-layer is studied. Through changing polymerizing ways, temperature, time, initiator and polymerizing interface test, the polymerizing technique of coating-layer is discussed. The mechanical performance and thermal-decomposing laws of PEDMA coating-layer at different temperatures are realized by material test and thermal-decomposing test, finding that deterring propellant can be prepared by right ways. On the surface of single-base propellant, PEDMA can form deterring layer, and have transitional cross-linked form. The different behaviors between coating-layer and base propellant at different temperatures, are one of the reasons that macromolecule deterring propellant has lower temperature coefficient. Thermal-decomposing studies show that PEDMA deterring propellant has changed the burning law of traditional single-base propellant, and has characteristics of delaying ignition and changing burning rate.

64. Effect of Temperature and Humidity on Thermal Self-ignition of Propellant, Zhan Zhi-bo, Jiang Jin-yong, Chen Ming-hua, [Ordnance Technology Research Institute, Ordnance Engineering College, Shijiazhuang 050000, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2007. 30(5):74-76.

Abstract: In order to investigate the influence of the environment, including the temperature and the humidity, on the self-ignition hazard in ammunition, taking the certain single base propellant as an example, a small-scale test is carried out in the laboratory. The single base propellant is placed in the conditions of changing the temperature value and the humidity value of the environment. The relation among environment temperature, humidity and self-ignition time is obtained. The results show that the higher the hot piece temperature, the shorter the self-ignition time of the single base propellant. Under the condition of the constant temperature of the hot piece when the absolute humidity enlarges from a relatively minor value, the self-ignition time of the single base propellant became short first, then became long after the minimal value appeared, at last, the self-ignition would not happen, indicating that the influence of humidity is obvious.

65. Study of Surface Properties of GAP by Inverse Gas Chromatography, Du Mei-na, Luo Yun-jun, Wang Xiao-qing, Li Guo-ping, [School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2007. 30(4):29-32, 42.

Abstract: The surface physicochemical properties of GAP were studied by means of inverse gas chromatography (IGC).The results show that the dispersive component of the surface free energy of GAP decreases with increasing temperature and the total surface free energy takes on the consistent character. Compared with polyethylene as a standard sample, GAP has higher surface free energy because there are many hydroxyl groups and azide group in the surface of the GAP molecule. The proton donor and the proton acceptor components increase with the increase of the temperature .And the proton donor one shows more sensitive to the temperature and increases more rapidly, showing that GAP has higher dispersive component and stronger Bro/nsted acidity.

66. Effect of Functional Agent on the Characteristics of Polyether-Urethane Networks Wei Xiao-an, He Wei-dong, Wang Ze-shan, [Department of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2007. 30(4):33-37.

Abstract: The characteristics of polyether-urethane networks containing four different functional agents were studies by stress strain (ε～δ) and DMA test. The results show that the activity of hydroxide groups from modified acrylic resin were higher than that from the PET (2f 5500) and the former is easier to react with IPDI than the latter, leading to two phases framework, two glass transition temperatures, one was -43.280C and the other was 38.010C. The flexible epoxy resin and 1, 1, 1-tri(hydroxyl methyl) propane were similar to the modified acrylic, its mechanics were not so good. The activity of hydroxide groups from tri-copolymer was correspond to PET′s, the mutual network were formed through this method, the prolongation ratios was beyond 1200%, the intensity reached to 2.67MPa, and the glass transition temperature was below -680C, considering that the tri-copolymer was a perfect functional agent.

67. Meso-Damage Experimental Studies on the PBX, Zhou Dong, Huang Feng-lei, Yao Hui-sheng, [State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2007. 30(3):16-18.

Abstract: In order to study the physical mechanisms of the physical and chemical damages of PBX, and the mechanisms of heat formation, the shock compression experiments on PBX have been done using explosive driving gap experiment. The meso-structure of damaged samples in the different position was observed using SEM. The result shows that the effect of temperature significantly increases with the increase of impact energy, and the damage mode transits from the physical damage to the chemical damage. This provides experimental basis for studying the formation mechanism of hot-spot in XDT.

68. Rheological Behavior of RDX/PEG Suspension, PaN Xin-zhou, Zheng Jian, Guo Xiang, Li Tie-bin, Wu Qian, [The 42nd Institute of the Fourth Academy of CASC, Xiangfan Hubei 441003, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2007. 30(2):5-7, 12.

Abstract: In order to obtain the effect rule of RDX on the rheological behavior of solid propellant matrix, the rheological behavior and visco-elasticity of suspension with nitrate ester plasticized polyethylene glycol binder as matrix fluid and RDX as the dispersed phase is described and the effect of temperature on rheological performance of RDX suspension are studied by steady-state and dynamic theology methods. The results show that the increase of pseudo plastic behavior of the suspension and deviation degree from linearity of the frequency sweep curve of loss modulus is caused by the interaction among RDX particles.RDX suspension exist the critical volume fraction, and with raising temperature, the apparent viscosity in RDX(I)/PEG suspension has a general increased tendency which is relative to RDX particle size and solid liquid interface.

69. Relationship of Structure and Mechanical Properties in the Aging Process of NEPE Propellant, Zhang Hao, Peng Song, Pang Ai-min, Du Xi-juan, [Safety and Storage Evaluating Center, Hubei Institute of Aerospace Chemo technology, Xiangfan Hubei 441003, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2007. 30(1):13-16.

Abstract: In order to analyze aging characteristics of nitrate ester polyether (NEPE) propellant, propellant samples were aged at 600C, 650C, 700C and 750C. The relationship between the normal temperature mechanical properties, including maximum tensile strength σm and initial modulus E0, and the binder matrix structural cross linking parameters, including gel fraction ω, chemical cross linking density υe and physical cross linking density υp, was investigated. Dynamic mechanical parameters, including loss factor tanδ and half-height width of loss modulus Dh/2 at various frequencies, were measured by DMA. The results show that the decrease of values of σm and E0 is caused by decline of binder matrix ω, υe and υp. Degradations and decompositions of binder matrix are caused by decline of structural parameters.

70. Study Progress on New Propellants Based on Novel Ingredients for Future Tactical Missile, Zhang Xiao-hong, Mo Hong-jun, [Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2007. 30(1):24-27.

Abstract: The current situation of study on novel energetic materials, including energetic binders, energetic plasticizers and high energy oxidizers, and new propellants composed of these novel energetic materials as main ingredients, including HNF-based propellant,CL-20-based propellant and ADN-based propellant were summarized and reviewed, considering that insensitive high energy minimum exhaust signature propellants based on these novel ingredients are a development direction of future tactical missile propellants, with 17 references

71. Application of Remote Sensing FTIR Spectrometry in Plume Test of Solid Propellant, Li Chun-ying, Wang Hong, Sun Mei, Lü Jian, [Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2007. 30(1):28-31.

Abstract: The advantages of remote sensing Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry are introduced. The application of remote sensing FTIR spectrometry in determination of the absolute radiation energy, combustion gas concentration and propellant plume temperature was reviewed. The kinds of combustion products were gained from the distribution of radiance. The curve of change in radiation energy with time was obtained by the integration of the radiance. The basic theory, test method, results and application of remote sensing FTIR spectrometry in determining the absolute radiation energy, temperature, the concentration of combustion products in the process of plume testing are summarized, showing that the remote sensing FTIR spectrometry is a reliable method for signature detection of solid propellants, with 19 references.

72. Polarographic Determination of Diphenylamine in Single Base Propellants, Zhang Cui-mei, [Department of Applied Chemistry, College of North China University, Taiyuan 030008, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2007. 30(1):32-35.

Abstract: Diphenylamine (DPA) contents in single base propellants were determined by means of a single-sweep-square-wave polarography after the treatment of nitrosation of DPA. The standard curve was drawn up using the solution of single base propellants dissolved in propanone as standard sample whose composition is similar to unknown sample. In a base solution of 5% propanone/0.025mol/L H2SO4/5.0×10-3mol/L NaNO2, a peak current of nitrosation products of DPA was measured at -0.59V (vs.SCE). The results show that the peak current is linear with the concentration of DPA in the range of 3.5×10-6mol/L - 1.0×10-4mol/L (γ=0.999). The content of DPA in single base propellants 8/1-12 determined by the method above is consistent with the results of bromination titration method. The recovery ratio of experiment is up to 98.2% - 102.4%.

73. Determination of the Surface Free Energy and its Components of RDX, Du Mei-na, Luo Yun-jun, [School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2007. 30(1):36-39.

Abstract: The contact angle, surface free energy and its dispersive, polar, electron acceptor and electron donor components of RDX powder were determined by the Washburn equation with the thin-layer wicking technique. The diiodomethane and 1-bromonaphthalene as neutral probe liquids were used to determine the dispersive component of RDX. The ethylene glycol and formamide as polar probe liquids were used to determine the polar components of RDX. It was found that the surface free energy and its components based on the contact angles gained from different probe liquids were in good agreement with those obtained by determining the wicking curves of different probe liquids with each other. The total surface free energy γsT of 40.20mJ•m-2 of RDX accorded with the theoretical calculated result of 40.60mJ•m-2. The dispersive component determined is γsLW=23.71mJ•m-2, the polar component γABs=16.49mJ•m-2, the electron acceptor component γ+s=1.149mJ•m-2 and the electron donor component γs-=51.87mJ•m-2. The results show that the dispersive component is the main part of the surface free energy of RDX and in the polar component, the electron donor component was much larger than that of electron acceptor one.

74. Research on Insensitivity of RDX Coated with TNT, Lu Ming, Zhou Xin-li, [School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2006. 29(6):16-18.

Abstract: In order to decrease the mechanical sensitivity of RDX while maintaining its explosive performance, an insensitive method of coating sensitive high explosive RDX with less sensitive explosive TNT was studied. RDX was coated with a little TNT and energetic plastifier by melting, dispersion and cooling crystallization to RDX surface in water, a kind of double-deck composite explosive with low mechanical sensitivity, in which inside layer is RDX and outside layer is TNT, was prepared by adding TNT 3% - 10%, energetic plastifier and surfactant 2% - 3% to coat main explosive RDX. The variety of granule diameter and SEM were analyzed along with the technical condition of coated process. The results show that the impact sensitivity of the composite explosive is less than 20%, the friction sensitivity is less than 28%,the column density is 1.73g•cm-3, and the detonation velocity may reach 8400m•s-1.

75. Mechanical Sensitivity of AP with Different Particle Size, Wang Cai-Ling, Zhao Sheng-Xiang, [Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2006. 29(6): 27-29.

Abstract: Effect of particle size of AP, ranged from 2.7μm to 100μm, on impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity is systematically studied by the standardization methods GJB77A-97-601.1 and GJB77A-97-602.1. The results show that the friction sensitivities and impact sensitivities of AP increase with the reduction of particle size, considering that the energy consumption for cracking big size particles into small ones, the small friction among the big size particles and the sudden extinguishment thermal decomposition of big size particle, lead big size particles to a decrease of impact sensitivities and the plastic deformation, viscous flow and the part friction of crystal of small size particles result in an increase of friction sensitivities. The mechanism and factors affecting mechanical sensitivity are theoretically analyzed from the point of view of physic-chemical changes of AP under mechanism.

76. Influencing Factors on Safety Failure of Cannon-shot Explosive Charge, Miao Qin-shu, Shen Xiao-jun, Sun Tao [Unit 63961, PLA, Beijing 100012, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2006. 29(5):48-50.

Abstract: The mechanism of the safety failure of the explosive charge of cannon-shot is analyzed generally. It is concluded that the safety failure of explosive charge is mainly due to the charge defect and incorrect use. The common charge flaws and their effect on the shoot safety are discussed at length, and the possible cause which can bring charge flaws is also analyzed. The influence of the base gap, the charge density and the impurity from the filling, the temperature, the maintenance and the reserve mode in use on the shoot safety is also studied. The measure to improve the safety of the explosive charge of cannon-shot are proposed.

77. Preliminary Analysis on Cone Burning of Solid Propellant in End-Burning Rocket Motors, Xu Peng, Liang Jing-yuan, Liang Guo-zhu; [School of Astronautics, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing 100083, China], SUN Zai-yong; [The 41st Research Institute, The Sixth Academy of CASC, Huhehot 010010, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants, 2006, 29 (5): 32-24, 64.

Abstract: Main factors that cause the cone burning of solid propellant were emphatically analyzed and compared, such as the concentration of fine oxidizer particle and the migration of plasticizer and curing agent at the interface near the wall. The most basic reason of causing the cone burning was that the concentration and particle size of oxidizer at the interface were different from that near the center line. To prove the analysis in theory, the burning rate of a certain AP propellant was calculated with various particle size and concentration of the oxidizer using the burning rate formula based on the granular diffusion flame (GDF) combustion model, showing a change trend in burning rate, proving a current analysis and giving a reference for avoiding the cone burning in engineering.

78. Investigation on Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Oxidation Process of UDMH, XIAN Kun, [Institute of Aerospace and Material Engineering, Nation University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China], Liu Xiang-xuan, Wang Xuan-jun, [The Second Artillery Engineering Institute, Xi'an 710025, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2006. 29(5):39-41, 45.

Abstract: Main oxidation products and their concentration changing characteristics, and the influences of concentration of oxygen and contact metal materials with unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) on the oxidation speed of UDMH during oxidation process of UDMH are studied by means of GC and MS. The structures of newly produced oxidation products are inferred. The investigation results show that dimethylamine as intermediate oxidation products of UDMH, can be further oxidized and reacted with-NO to produce N-nitrosodimethylamine, which makes oxidized UDMH turn yellow. Stainless steel and aluminum can accelerate the oxidation speed of UDMH and increase the concentration of dimethylamine. Increasing the concentration of oxygen can increase the oxidation speed of UDMH and the concentration of dimethylamine immediately.

79. Effect of the Mechanical Properties of Waste Propellants on Smash Process
Wei Xiao-an, Liao Xin, Wang Ze-shan, [Institute of Chemical and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2006. 29(5):46-48, 56.

Abstract: In order to prepare slurry explosives by waste propellants, the mechanical characteristics of single base propellant and double base aromatic-3 propellant were studied through the stress and strain after being curved and compressed. The test results showed that waste single base propellant has higher modulus and lower strain quantity. There is obvious difference between the two materials after being smashed, the grains of the latter are grossly than the former, the cause was that double base aromatic-3 propellant is beyond the glass temperature on the condition of smash progress (500C); the material is easy to plastic distortion, the grains are coarse; however, single base propellant is lower than glass temperature on the condition of smash progress (500C), having higher modulus, the grains are fine. The slurry explosive from the grains of single base propellant has good characteristics, but the slurry explosive from double base aromatic-3 propellant showed diversity, which may cause the incomplete or the putting out explode. This diversity is relative with the composition of propellant and the change of size affecting the characteristics of this explosive. After adjustment and add of the smash process, the grains of up 385μm meshes decreased about 60 percent, and the numbers of down 154μm in meshes increased 50 percent, showing that the performance of the slurry explosive is improved through two smash processes from double base aromatic-3 propellant.

80. The Energy Properties of Fuel-rich Propellants Comprising Furazan Derivatives Zhang Jun-qi, Zhang Wei, Zhu Hui, Zhang Xing-gao, [Aerospace and Materials Engineering College, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2006. 29(4):36-40.

Abstract: Furazan is a kind of novel high energy material and has a good future application in propellants and explosives. This work studies the energy properties of Al/Mg/HTPB/AP fuel-rich propellants comprising furazan derivatives. The results reveal that the specific impulse(Is) of propellant comprising DAAzF is the largest with the value of 7522.9N•s•kg-1 at 25% mass fraction, which is about 260N•s•kg-1 higher than that of propellant comprising CL-20 at the same mass fraction (w). The mean relative molecular mass (Mg) of propellants comprising furazans is about 29, the flame temperature in after-burning chamber (Tc) is about 2200K, and the values of Mg and Tc increase with increasing the mass fraction of furazans

81. Properties of NEPE Solid Propellant Containing Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane Song Hui-bin, Liu Yun-fei, Yao Wei-shang, [School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2006. 29(4):44-46.

Abstract: The effect of content and particle size of CL-20 on energy, combustion and mechanical properties of NEPE propellant are investigated by the substitution of CL-20 for RDX partially in NEPE propellant. According to the theoretical calculation, the accession of CL-20 makes the specific impulse of the propellant composition with low Al content increase 54N•s/kg. The burning rate of propellant containing CL-20 was higher than the propellant containing RDX, while their pressure exponents were almost the same. With the increase of particle size of CL-20, the burning rate of the propellant varied in a tendency of increase first and then decrease and reached the maximum value at 105～125μm of particle size of CL-20, while pressure exponent varied in a tendency of decrease first and then increase and reached the minimum value of 0.423 at the same particle size. The mechanical properties of the propellant also varied with the particle size of CL-20 and their optimum value was obtain at 125～154μm of particle size of CL-20.

82. Application of Ultrasonic Measurement for Burning Rate in Solid Propellant Development, Zhang Jin-min, Wang Zhi-qiang, Yuan Hua, [Hubei Institute of Aerospace Chemo technology, Xiangfan Hubei 441003, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2006. 29(3):9-12.

Abstract: By measuring the reflection time of ultrasonic echo in the propellant continuously, the location of the burning propellant surface is identified, and the burning rate of propellant acquired. This ultrasonic method of measuring the burning rate is used to determine continuous in situ burning rate in different setting pressure variable condition. The application of the ultrasonic method of measuring the burning rate in the field of studying the steady-state and non-steady-state burning rate characteristics of propellant and burning rate characteristics in various motor is introduced. The characteristics and adaptabilities of the method are evaluated, and a suggestion of developing this technology in internal institutes is presented.

83. Study on Burning Rate Inhibitors of HTPB/AP/Al Propellants, Ran Xiu-lun, Yang Rong-jie, [College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2006. 29(2):41-43, 47.

Abstract: The effect of ammonium oxalate, lithium fluoride, calcium carbonate, strontium carbonate, quaternary ammonium salt and etc. as burning rate inhibitors on burning rate of HTPB/AP/Al propellant have been investigated. Considerable decrease in burning rate has been observed when quaternary ammonium salt composite with carbonate or lithium fluoride are used as depressant, and above-mentioned composite inhibitors have excellent effect on decreasing the burning rate of propellants. In HTPB/AP/Al propellants, the quaternary ammonium salts composite with carbonates are more pronounced on decreasing burn rate than ammonium oxalate inhibitor which is now used for much practical low burning rate propellant. The firing tests of BSFФ75mm motors indicate that quaternary ammonium salt composite with carbonate also could decrease the pressure exponent of the propellant from 0.33 to 0.20 in the pressure range of 3.45～12.17MPa. The firing test of BSFФ165mm motors loaded with HTPB/AP/Al propellant grain containing quaternary ammonium salt and carbonate as inhibitor gives more stable chamber pressure-time and thrust-time histories than that containing ammonium oxalate, and the results show that the density-specific impulse of obtained formulation is 2.8% higher than that containing ammonium oxalate with the same burning rate.

84. Study on the Formulation of Low Detonation Velocity Seismic Explosive Column
Lu Ming, Lü Chun-xu, [Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2006. 29(1):14-16.

Abstract: A kind of low detonation velocity seismic explosive column charged with low detonation velocity explosive in which self-sensitized and improved expanded ammonium nitrate is oxidizer was investigated. This kind of low detonation velocity explosive is composed of 83%～87% expanded ammonium nitrate, 3.0%～4.0% wood powder, 2.0～3.0% composite fuel oil, 4.0%～5.0% high energetic additives and 6%～8% dilution agent. The results show that low detonation velocity expanded ammonium nitrate seismic explosive column possesses good explosive property and safety. The detonation velocity of this kind of low detonation velocity seismic explosive columns corresponding to charge density 0.78～ 0.82g•cm-3 s 2200～2500m•s-1, and the initiation percent in various surrounding condition is 100%.

85. The Influence of Charge Diameter of HTPB/AP Composite Propellant on Shock Wave Ignition, Wu Quan-dao, Lei Wei-guo, Ren Zhi-yong, Wei Guo-ping, [Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2006. 29(1):59-61.

Abstract: The influence of charge diameter of the HTPB/AP composite propellant on the igniting performance was studied. The effect of charge diameter on the thickness of clapboard and intensity of shock wave was tested by means of clapboard experiments and the optimal diameter was determined. The results show that there is a close relationship between the optimal diameter of HTPB/AP composite propellant and the thickness of clapboard and intensity of shock wave. The optimal diameter of ignition of composite propellant corresponding to ρ=1.563g/cm3 is 40mm. This experimental result has definite guiding significance for the design of composite propellant charge in beneficiate perforator and the enhancement of the effectiveness and reliability of igniting of composite propellant charge.

86. Analysis of the Mixture of RDX and HMX by the HPLC-ESI-MS, Zhang Min, [Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2006. 29(1):77-80.

Abstract: The binary mixtures RDX/HMX were isolated and determined by means of simultaneous techniques of LC-ESI-MS. Through the reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, RDX and HMX were separated on the C(18) column. The detection was performed at 225nm.The mobile phase was a mixture of methanol and water (50:50, V/V) at a flow rate of 0.2mL/min. The factors affecting the results were analyzed. The influences of results were analyzed. The influences of CapEx (capillary exit) voltage which can produce characteristic fragmentation ions through adjusting the voltage called CID, pH values, electro-ionization modes and the temperature of drying gas on the mass spectra of RDX and HMX were studied. The results show that the perfect mass spectra were obtained by negative mode. When CapEx voltage and pH value are -100V and 8 respectively, the molecular ions ~-, adduct ions [M-H+H2O]~-,[M-H+2H2O]~-, [M-H+NO2]~- and [M-H+62]~- and other characteristic fragmentation ions of RDX and HMX can be observed. According to the molecular ions, the adduct ions and characteristic fragmentation ions of RDX and HMX obtained by CID technique, the structures of RDX and HMX are easily confirmed.

87. Mechanical Properties of NEPE Propellant Containing CL-20, Luo Yun-jun, Li Guo-ping, Zhang Bin, Tan Hui-min, [School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2005. 28(4):28-31.

Abstract: The interaction between four bonding agents and CL-20 was investigated by means of XPS and MIR. The analysis proves that bonding agents can act as the liner of CL-20 and a bonding agent containing hydantoin and tripolyisocynate, which is defined as 22~#, is the best liner of CL-20 owing to its cyclic structure and polar groups. The mechanical properties of NEPE propellant containing CL-20 with 22~# as bonding agent were studied by tensile test. The test results show that the mechanical properties of NEPE propellant are improved and the tensile strength and elongation-to-break are improved by about 18.8% and 103.4% respectively owing to the addition of CL-20. And the tensile strength of propellant increase with the increasing of the content of PET with three functional groups (f=3) as bonding agent.

88. Characteristics of the Smokeless CMDB Propellants with 1, 3, 3-Trinitroazetidine, Fan Xue-Zhong, Li Ji-zhen, Zhang Ya-jun, Zhang Wei, Kang Xiao-hua, [Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2005. 28(4):35-40.

Abstract: It was experimentally found that 1, 3, 3-trinitroazetidine (TNAZ) can be used in the smokeless CMDB propellants by replacing DINA and NG. The energy, safety, combustion characteristics and thermal behavior of the TNAZ-CMDB propellants were studied in details. Experimental results showed that TNAZ can slightly improve the energy of the smokeless CMDB propellant; little affect the thermal stability of the propellant and decrease the sensitivity to impact and friction and the burning rates of the propellant at different pressures. The decomposition temperatures of the main components in TNAZ-CMDB propellants was obtained in the range of 180 - 2350C at high pressure by PDSC, and TNAZ in the propellants was found to volatilize or sublimate in the temperature range of 70 – 1800C at common pressure. The flame structures of TNAZ-CMDB propellants were little affected by the content of TNAZ.

89. The Effect of ACP on the Energy and Combustion Performance of Smokeless Modified Double-base Propellant, Zhang Xiao-hong, Yao Qian, Zhong Lei, Liao Lin-quan, Li Jun-qiang, [Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2005. 28(4):41-43, 67.

Abstract: The theoretical calculation results of energy characteristics for smokeless modified double-base propellant with ACP show that ACP can decrease the energy of the propellant. The effect of different technology including casting and extrusion on the combustion performance of smokeless modified double-base propellant with ACP was studied. The results show that ACP can increase the burning rate of the casting propellant, while ACP cannot increase the burning rate of the extrusion propellant, obviously. The mechanism of increasing the burning rate of the propellant by ACP was experimentally analyzed. It is considered that the combustion surface and the heat feedback of the propellant are increased by addition of ACP, leading that the increasing of burning rate of the propellant.

90. Prospects of Application of Fractal Theory in Research of Grain Fracture, Wu Chang-shui, Zhang Xiao-bing, Yuan Ya-xiong, [Power Engineer College, NUST, Nanjing 210094, China], Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants. 2005. 28(3):20-22, 26.

Abstract: Application of fractal theory in research of grain fracture is analyzed, reviewed and prospected with 15 references. A method of investigating the grain fracture based on relationship between mechanical character of grain and fractal dimension is put forward.

91. Effect of Particle Size of RDX on Mechanical Sensitivity
LIU Yu-cun, WANG Jian-hua, AN Chong-wei, YU Yan-wu
North China Institute of Technology, Taiyuan030051, China

Abstract: Effect of particle size of RDX on impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity is systematically studied. The particle size tested ranges from 1.5 to 124 μm and is divided into 5 grades. The impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity are characterized with 50% drop height and 50% normal pressure respectly. The results show that impact and friction sensitivities of RDX decrease with the reduction of particle size of RDX. The mechanism and factors of particle size affecting mechanical sensitivity are theoretically analyzed. The results are significant in the research and application of explosives.

92. Hexanitrodiphenyl Sulfide Based Heat Resistance Explosive
CHEN Lu-ying, ZHANG Chuan, YANG Pei-jin, SHI jian
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: A heat resistant composite explosive composed of hexanitrodiphenyl sulfide, a polymer binder containing fluorin and a heat resistant phlegmatized agent was prepared. The performance tests were conducted by measuring the heat resistance, safety,formability explosion energy and penetration power. The results show that the detonation velocity of the composite explosive is higher than that of PYX and HNS based composite explosives,and its heat resistance is higher than that of HMX base composite explosive, indicating that the composite explosive can be used in the temperature range of 170～200 ℃.

93. The Effect of Poor Uranium Alloy Irradiation on Burning Properties of Three-combination Nitroguanidine Propellant
YU Shu-hua,LUO Tian-yuan,ZHANG Lun-wu
The Institute Center of Natural Environmental Test for Defense Industry, No.59 Institute of Ordnance Industry, Chongqing400039, China

Abstract: Take samples on schedule from three types of specimen of three-combination nitroguanidine propellant packed and stored together with poor uranium alloy for closed bomb test,physicochemical properties inspection and proving ground test in order to study into the changing rules of the sample properties as the influence factors. The results show that irradiation of the poor uranium alloy had no remarkable influence on the burning properties of three-combination nitroguanidine propellant.

94. The Time-temperature Shift Factors and The Mechanical Properties of ExplosivesYANG Guo-man, HU Xiao-mian
and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China

Abstract: Time-temperature superposition principle is used to analyze the existing explosives. The effect regularity of time and temperature on the PBX is investigated, so does the application of time-temperature superposition principle in studying mechanical properties of PBX.

95. Spectrophotometric Determination of The Content of Salicylic Acid and Its Derivatives in Propellants
JIA Lin
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: Based on the coloring reaction of salicylic acid radical ion with iron ion in the acid environment, a spectrophotometric method for determining the content of salicylic acid and its derivatives in propellants was presented. The content and absorbency have a good linear relationship. The average recovery of the method is (99.76)%(n=11), and the standard deviation of experiments is 2.10%. The advantages of this method are simple and accurate.

96. The Insensitive High Energy Propellants in the 21th Century
XU Fu-ming
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: The continuing demanding on high performance and low vulnerability of ammunition for advanced weapon system has been promoting the research and development of insensitive high energy propellants to be the most promising trend of gun propellants and charges in the 21th century. This paper reviewed the up-to-date progresses and achievements in the field of new composition, charge, ignition, and theoretical modeling for insensitive high energy propellants in developed countries. It was managed to provide some advisements in plan making and fulfillment towards a new generation of advanced gun propellants.

97. The Influence of HMX Granularity Gradation on the Energy Output of HMX/F_(2641)
L(U••) Chun-ling, LIU Yu-cun
North China Institute of Technology, Taiyuan030051, China

Abstract: The influence of granularity gradation of principal explosive HMX on the energy output of the composite explosive HMX/F(2641) is studied on the basis of zero-gap small scale gap test. The result shows that the granularity gradation of the principal explosive is of great effect on the energy output, and the energy output of composite explosive increases with decreasing content of coarser grains.

98. Study on Modeling of Multicomponent Analysis in Propellants Products with NIR Spectroscopy
XIE Guo-ling, REN Qian, DONG Shou-long
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: In NIR spectroscopy, most of the variables are uninformative with respect to the given problem. In this context, the different subsets of X to be use of in the PLS regression were selected. The established model decreases the data needed in PLS calculating and increases the computing velocity in PLS regression.

99. The Influence of Nitrogen Content of Nitrocellulose on the Mechanical Properties of the Diazidonitrazapentane Propellant
ZHENG Lin, LI Shenghui, WEI Xuetao
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The article studies the influence of nitrogen content of nitrocellulose on the mechanical properties of the diazidonitrazapentane(DIANP) propellant (DA propellant). The experiments show that DA propellant which is made by the nitrocellulose with 12.6% nitrogen content is superior in the mechanical properties to that with 13.0% nitrogen content at -40℃.

100. Interface Study on FT-IR of Heat-Resistant Explosive Coated by Fluororuber
DONG Liming, FU Quanjun, JING Zhenyu
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an710065, China

Abstract: In this paper, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is utilized to analyze the interaction of interface between several heatresistant explosives and Fluororuber. It is found in the test that the wave peak move of donor groups resulting from the strong electronattracting groups in Fluororuber illustrates the interactions existing in the interface. The direction of wave peak move comes from the difference of explosive structure and interaction from acidbase groups.

101. The Effect of Different Charging Processes on the Launch Safety
WANG Shiying, HU Huanxing
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: Two different charges of Composition B, i.e, cast charge and pressed charge, were tested by using the large drop hammer loading device to simulate the main loading stress of gunshot. The result shows that the precssed charge of Composition B is relatively insensitive and its launch safety is better than the cast charrge's.

102. Analysis of Movement and Qualities of Explosive Bonding Plate
ZANG Tao cheng, HU Huan xing
University of Science and Technology of SuZhou 215007, China

Abstract: Firstly, The Paper introduces explosive bonding principle ,then discusses movement process of explosive bonding simply, and finally analyses qualities of explosive bonding plate (elastic modulus, stress and density).

103. Analysis on Specific Impulse Efficiencies of Reduced Smoke HTPB/AP/RDX/Al Propellants
XIE Jian hong, CUI Rui xi, JIAO Ji ge
Chemical Power Technology Institute Of Sanjiang Group,Yichang 444200, China

Abstract: Theoretical calculations on energetic properties of reduced smoke HTPB/AP/RDX/Al propellants were carried out. Through the tests of BSFФ165 and Ф315 testing motors, the effects of the types and operating pressures of testing motors on specific impulse efficiencies were investigated. Furthermore, the comparison between the specific impulse efficiency of reduced smoke HTPB/AP/RDX/Al propellant and that of HTPB/AP/RDX/Al propellant with high aluminium content was performed. The results show that the content of aluminium influence the specific impulse efficiencies of propellants remarkably. The specific impulse efficiency of the formulation with low aluminium content is relatively higher than that of the formulation with high aluminium content. The suitable choice in operating pressures of motors can increase the specific impulse efficiencies to some extent after the formulations of propellants are determined. For the same sort of propellant formulation, the effective prediction on the actual specific impulse can be obtained through calculating the theoretical specific impulse considering the level of the specific impulse efficiency.

104. Research on Modified high Energy Single Base Powder
DIWU Xun ning, LIN Bing zhang
Huian Chemical Industry Co. LTD, Xi'an 710302, China

Abstract: This subject is to research a new type of modified high energy single base powder . The research work is to have a preliminary determination of the modified high energy single base powder with NC as the main part and high energy additive and energized plasticizer as constituents after selection of raw material ,design of formula and theoretical calculation of energy ,It is tested to prove that the production technology of forming by screw pressing with solvent method is safety ,reliable and available.

105. Study on Blast Power of Rock Expanded Ammonium Nitrate Explosive
HUI Jun ming, GUO Xue yong
School of Chemical Engineering, NUST, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: In this paper, blast performance and blast power of rock expanded ammonium nitrate explosive were studied. On the basis of analyzing the mechanism of rock blast, and through comparison its blast performance to that of AN TNT and AN TNT Oil explosive, some technical ways for improving blast power of this explosive were advanced according to its characteristics, which it possess high detonation velocity, great mass blast power and low volume blast power yet.

106. Research on Sensitivity Characteristics of Expanded Ammonium Nitrate
YE Zhi wen, L U•• Chun xu, ZHOU Xin li
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: Expanded Ammonium Nitrate is widely used as oxidizer of industrial explosive in recent years. In this paper, dangerous sensitivities of expanded Ammonium Nitrate including sensitivity to impact, sensitivity to friction, sensitivity to flame, ignition point, sensitivity to electrostatic spark are tested, and DSC experiment was done practical sensitivity of expanded Ammonium Nitrate such as sensitivity to detonator, sensitivity to shock wave are tested. The results show that expanded Ammonium Nitrate has lower dangerous sensitivities and better practical sensitivities compared with common Ammonium Nitrate.

107. Water-Bathed Thermal Shock Damage of PBX JOB-9003 and its Ultrasonic Characteristics
TIAN Yong, LUO Shun huo, ZHANG Wei bin
Mechanics Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China

Abstract: Water bathed thermal shock damage experiments with standard compress specimens of PBX JOB 9003 without thermally processing were performed. The ultrasonic characteristics were tested both before and after the thermal shock damage experiments. The experiments show that there is an apparent critical temperature gap for JOB 9003 specimens damaging and cracking, and some relevant ultrasonic characteristics have been obtained.

108. Research on the Affection of the Formulation of Desensitized RDX to Security
WANG Feng ying, LIU Tian sheng
North China Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: Through changing formulation of desensitized RDX, the mechanical and shock sensitivities, flame toasting experiments and tested to analyze the security characteristics of the new desensitized RDX.

109. The Study on the Quenched Surface Characteristics of NC/TMETN Propellant with Potassium Salt
CHEN Pei, ZHAO Feng qi, LI Shang wen
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The quenched surface characteristics of NC/TMETN propellant with potassium salts were investigated by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the LINK ISIS energy spectrum. The results showed that Cu content on the quenched surface reduced because of KD added into the NC/TMETN composition, which weak ened the cooperation between Pb and Cu. While the carbon content on the quenched surface depressed and the size of Pb ball increaied due to KNO 3, which lead the active materials to decrease and the catalysis to weaken. Because K 3AlF 6 reacted with the oxide of Pb to form PbF 4,the catalysis of Pb compound was destroyed completely.

110. Research on Diffusion in NC Solutions with Various Nitrogen Contents
HAO Hong ying, SHAO Zi qiang, TAN Hui min
North China Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: The dynamics of mutual dissolution of components in the nitrate cellulose(NC) glycerol triacetate system was studied for various degrees of the NC etherification (nitrogen contents 11.2%～13.0%).The effects of molecular mass characteristics and the degree of crystallinity on the diffusion was studied for a system with fixed nitrogen content(12.2%).In concentrated NC solutions ,the diffusion coefficient shows a correlation with the degree of crystallinity, and in dilute solutions, with the weight average molecular mass of the polymer.

111. The Study on Ignition Performance of a novel LOVA Propellant
YIN Ya xia, XU Sai long, WANG Duan
101 lab, 169 # Xi'an, Xi'an 710025, China

Abstract: This paper discussed the ignition of LOVA propellant by the method of simulating ignition test, and put up forward a new way to forecast LOVA propellant's ignition. The result showed that this kind of LOVA propellant is more difficult to ignite than the simple base propellant at the same experiment, and the propellant is easy to ignite while the ignition delay time determined in the closed bomb test is short.

112. A Study on Application of Technical-aid-agent to Double-base System Propellant
QIN Neng; YAO Jun yan; JIA Yan bin
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The action mechanism of an organic matter to double base system propellant was discussed in this paper. The effect of this matter to combustion performance was studied by a series of experiments. The results showed that this kind of organic compound could be widely applied to double base system propellant as an additive, and it was beneficial to both fulfill process of slurry mixing and modify combustion performance.

113. Research Status for Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Solid Propellants Under Hig-overloads
WANG Ning fei, WEI Wei
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: Research methods of dynamic mechanical response of solid propellants under high overloads are formulated and their advantages and shortcomings are compared .The researchful orientations of dynamic mechanical properties of solid propellants under high overloads in the future are also discussed.

114. Influence of Irreversible Growth of PBX on Interface of TATB/binder
LI Yu-bin, NIE Fu-de, SUN Jie, HAO Ying, WEN Mao-ping
Institute of Chemical Materials, Chinese Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mi anyang 621900, China

Abstract: The influence of thermal cycling treatment on dimensions and mechanical properti es of polymer bonded explosive (PBX) pellets were studied, and the fracture of t ensile was observed by scanning electric microscope (SEM). Results showed that irreversible size growth occurred on PBX after several cold-thermal cycling. Th e interfacial function between binder and triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB) decreas ed, and debonding of interface occurred, causing a reduction in the strength of tension of PBX.

115. Study on Acid-base Action in Plastic Bonds Explosive
XU Rong, ZUO Yu-fen, LIU Chun
Institute of Chemical Materials CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China

Abstract: The measurement method of acid-base action constants of explosive (RDX-BTF) an d polymer F2311-F2314 were measured respectively with microcalorimetry and inve rse gas chromatography. The acid-base match bonds were indicated by XPS. The me asured acid-base action constants of explosive and polymers were verified.

116. Poly (amidoamine) (PAMAM) Dendrimer as the Stabilizer of Emulsion Explosive
ZHOU Gui-zhong, PAN Chao-peng, WANG Gang, LUO Yun-jun, TAN Hui-min
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: A new emulsion explosive with PAMAM dendrimer as the stabilizer was made. Its st ability was characterized by high-low temperature circulation test and static l ife test, scan electron microscopy techniques. The results indicate: the emulsio n explosive stabilized by the PAMAM has a supernormal stability. The detonating velocity test of the emulsion explosive told that its detonating velocity increa sed on the contrary. The stabilization mechanism of this emulsion explosive was also discussed.

117. Surface Modification of Ammonium Nitrate Particles through Coating and Its Hygroscopicity
YIN Yong-xia, YANG Rong-jie, LI Jian-min
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: Ammonium nitrate was coated by a coupling agent Si-K and polymer material Polym -B, surfaces of the coated AN particles were characterized by SEM and XPS. The hygroscopicity and caking tendency of the coated AN were measured. The experimen tal results showed that hygroscopicity and caking tendency of AN particles could be effectively reduced through coating.

118. Characterization of Radiolysis Products of Fluororesin F2314
LUO Shi-kai, LUO Shun-huo, FU Yi-bei
Material Institute of Chemistry and Engineering, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China

Abstract: Fluororesin F2314 was irradiated with gamma rays in vacuum, air and nitrogen res pectively, and radiation degradation took place during this process. The gaseous products of F2314 radiolysis including H 2?CO 2?HF and HCl were determinded by GC-MS directly, or by Ion selected electrode (ISE) in solution. The content of HF and HCl increased with dose in each condition, the same trend of CO 2 of irradiation in air was investigated, and there was no CO 2 in nitrogen and vac uum. The content of H 2 hardly had any changes with dose, although it was detec ted when irradiated in vacuum and nitrogen but not in air. Beside the =C=O group formed by radiolysis in air, -CF=CH- and -CF=CF- groups were also identified fo r all specimens after radiolysis with IR.

119. Study on Chain Structure of Vinylidenefluoride (VDF)/Chlorotrifl uoroethylene(CTFE) Copolymer
DING Guo-fang, LUO Shun-huo, WANG Jian-hua, XU Rui-juan
Institute of Chemical Materials of CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China

Abstract: The nucleus magnetism resonance (NMR) method was used in investigating the reson ances of 1H and 13 C in the chains and the chai n structure of different characteristic carbons in the molecular chains of VDF/C TFE(1∶4) copolymer. And the competitive polymerization rates of VDF and CTFE mo nomers that attend the copolymerization reaction was calculated with the quantum chemistry theory. The analytic results seem that VDF/CTFE(1∶4) copolymer is a irregular one. The different soluble portion of the copolymer has different repe ated units chain structure.

120. The Study on A New Kind of Nitroguanidine Propellant
WEI Xue-tao, ZHAO Ying, LI Nai-qin
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: This paper proposed a new kind of nitroguanidine propellant containing DIANP. It s engergy is equal to the M30 nitroguanidine propellant,its erosion is only 86% of that and its mechanical properties is improved.

121. Study on the relation of the Mechanical Properties with the Inert Binders of LOVA Propellants
LIAO Xin, YANG Wen-bao, HUANG Zhen-ya, WANG Ze-shan
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The relation of the mechanical properties with the inert binders of LOVA propell ants was studied by the experiments of their impact strength at low temperature, their compression strength and tensile rate at high temperature. The results sh ow that acetate-butyrate cellulose makes more contribution to the mechanical pr operties of LOVA propellants than the others. By the tests on the characteristic s of different types of acetate-butyrate cellulose, CAB-Ger can be used the ba sic binder of LOVA propellants for further property improvement studies.

122. Tests and Calculation for Explosive cavities
LIU Zhi-jian, ZHANG Zheng-jie, ZHANG Kuan-hu
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: Experiments and test method for explosive cavities were introduced, and the rela tive measured data were given in this paper. An engineering formula for calculat ing the radius of explosive cavity was obtained with the condition of three phas e compressible medium. The calculating result is basically in accordance with th e measured data.

123. Study on Hygroscopicity of Ammonium Nitrate
ZHANG Jie, YANG Rong jie, LIU Yun fei
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: Hygroscopical mechanism of AN, methods of preventing AN from hygroscopicity, taken methods of hygroscopicity and effect of coating were mainly introduced. Various levels of preventing AN from hygroscopicity were analyzed in this paper.

124. Research on the Making of Base-gap of the Explosive under Impact in Steel Sleeve
GAO Yu ling, XIAO Wei, DU Zhen hua
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: In this paper, the sensitivety for the ignition and initiation of the explosive charge with different base gaps under impact were discussed by the simulative test of various base gaps. Thereby a base gap which we thought both reasonable and easy to fabricate is made on the simulative test.

125. Analyses on Shock-Wave Ignition Criteria of Energetic Materials
ZHANG Tai hua
Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China

Abstract: This paper analyzes five typical shock wave ignition criteria and related data, and finds that these criteria ignore the microstructure effects in energetic materials. As a result, a new idea based on local factor is proposed.

126. Study on Shock Sensitivity of of LX-04
LIU Guo qing, LUO Xing bai, HU Xiao feng
Ammurntion Engineering Department of Ordnace Engineering College, Shijiazhuang 050003, China

Abstract: In this paper, the shock sensitivity of LX 04 in ambient temperature and 170℃ was measured, through the shock of the Al fragment impact on. The ignition and growth reactive flow model for both the unreacted explosive and reaction products and equation of the reaction law of LX 04 wave given. Calculation shows that the agreement between the parameters given for the equation and experimental records is excellent. Compared the shock sensitivity of LX 04 in different temperature, we can draw conclusion that the chock sensitivity of LX 04 will increase if heated in high temperature. In the end, the reason why it increased was analyzed.

127. Study of Relationships Between Glass Transition Temperatures and Test Frequencies on Fluoropolymers by DMA
SONG Hua jie, HAO Ying, DONG Hai shan
Institute of Chemical Material, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China

Abstract: Relationships between frequencies and glass transition temperature of four fluoropolymers (F2314、F2311、F2603、F2463) were studied, by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) method in this paper. Linear regressions of the relations between the frequencies and glass transition temperatures concerned were made by least square method and the activation energies for these fluoropolymers by DMA were acquired, the activation energies reflect resistance to the conformational movement of these fluoropolymers' segments in some degree.

128. Investigation on the Detection of Free Radicals in Explosives and the Mechanism of Insensitivity
MA Yuan ying
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The signals of the free radicals in explosives under shock were arrested by using EPR. Based on the spectral line of the free radicals, the ability of the getter in arresting the free radicals was investigated by EPR. The low volnerability of the explosives was estimated and the idea of designing LOVA explosives by the guide of the insensibility mechanism based on the free radical theory was proposed.

129. Experimental Study on the Plane Strain Fracture Toughness of High Polymer Bonded Explosive
WEN Mao ping, MA Li lian, TIAN Yong
Mechanics Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China

Abstract: The testing method of the plane strain fracture toughness K 1c of high polymer bonded explosives is introduced. The method has been used to test three high polymer bonded explosives JOB 9003, JO 9159, and JB 9014, and their K 1c values are 0.24±0.01MPa•m 1/2 、0.17±0.01MPa•m 1/2 、0.37±0.01MPa•m 1/2 separately. The
result shows that JB 9014 has better ability to resist flaw expanding. The paper also discusses the agreement between the K 1c values of the three explosives and their conventional mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation, elastic modules, and creep fracture lifetime. Furthermore, concerning the composition, the paper reveals the main reason why JB 9014 has bigger K 1c value is F2314 in JB 9014 as bonder.

130. Study on the Dispersion of Superfine RDX in Water
HAN Ai jun, LI Feng sheng, SONG Hong chang
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: Several typical surfactants are chosen to dispose superfine RDX particles alone or multiply. The dispersion of particles in water, the absorption michanism of surfactants on RDX particle surface and the double electric layer properties of modified particles are studied by measuring the turbidity of the dispersion system and Zeta potential of the particles. And the surfactants are optimized.

131. Analysis of 1,2,4-Butanetriol by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
TIAN Lin xiang
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: The selective experiment of chromatographic separation condition of 1,2,4 butanetriol was done by Rp HPLC. The chromatographic column was Micropak MCH 5(C 18 ,5μm). The mobile phase was water. The detector was RID. The impurity peak identify was done by the comparision between retention time of an unknown sample and that of a known sample. Since the refractive index of compounds were similar, the area normalization method was practical.The research showed that for the 1,2,4 butanetriol which has strong polarity and is liable to decompose, HPLC was more adaptable than GC.

132. Damage in Energetic Materials
CHEN Peng wan, DING Yan sheng
Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100080, China

Abstract: Damage of energetic materials can be created in the process of manufacturing,machining,transporting and storing.On the one hand,damage can deteriorate mechanical properties of energetic materials;on the other hand,it can also influence the sensitivity,combustion and even detonation behaviors of energetic materials.In this paper,the progress of the studies on the damage of energetic materials is reviewed.The production,experimental simulation and characterization of damage are introduced.The influence of damage on the shock sensitivity,combustion and detonation behaviors of energetic materials and the constitutive law including damage are discussed.

133. Experiments on the Low Temperature Sensitivity Coefficient High Energy Nitroamine Propellant
SHI Xian yang,WANG Ze shan
Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: Studied the low temperature sensitivity coefficient (LTSC) effect on high energy nitroamine propellant throgh the termination experiment,closed bomb experiment and interior ballistic experiment.The results show that the LTSC charge technology can decrease temperature sensitivity coefficient and improve energy utilization ratio of gun.

134. Study of the Acceleration Effects on the Burning Rate of HTPB Propellant
GUO Tong, HOU Xiao
The 41 st Institute of the Fouth Academy of CASC, Xi'an 710025, China

Abstract: In the paper, the acceleration effects on the burning rate of HTPB propellant are presented. Through the experiments of motors in the acceleration field, the experimental data can be got, inclouding the effects of the acceleration level and the acceleration orientation. Then based on the phenomenological model and multi flame of BOP model, the model of the burning rate augmentation in the acceleration field has been built. The experimental data and the model data are uniform. The model can be available for reference to the qualitative analysis of the design of SRM.

135. Structural Changes and Chemical Reactivity of Cotton Cellulose Treaded by the Steam Explosion
SHAO Zi qiang, LIAO Shuang quan, LI Xiao meng
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 710065, China

Abstract: Cotton cellulose was explosion treaded by high pressure and high temperature steam. Morphology, solubility towards aqueous alkali solution and degree of polymerization of original and regenerated cellulose were analyzed. Chemical reactivity of regenerated cellulose was improved through synthesis of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose CMC.

136. Thermal Shock Damage of Explosive and its Ultrasonic Characterization
TIAN Yong, ZHANG We bing, HAO Ying, LI Jing ming, WEN Mao ping
Institute of Chemical Materials of CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China

Abstract: Ultrasonic characteristics of JOB 9003 explosive specimens before and after thermal shock tests have been measured. The specimens appear increased damage or destruction at different phases of the tests and some typical variations of ultrasonic characteristics in a degree. The experiment shows that initial damage or crack of explosive significantly influences mechanics of explosive, and some features of ultrasonic characteristics caused by damage or destruction of explosive are destinguished furthermore.

137. Researches of Mechanical Sensitivity of Polymer Bonded HMX
LIU Ping, XU Xi ning
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: In this paper, through the researches of sensitivity variation of molding powder of PB HMX and its product under varying storage conditions and different states, the causes of the sensitivity increase are analyzed for its pillar after aged; Meanwhile, for the testing samples taken from the dissected charge and taken from defferent sample fabrication technology, the reasons of their sensitivity change are also analyzed. This paper is of guidance value for the safety applcation of the explosive.

138. Sizes Distribution Study of Al_2O_3 in Motor Chamber
CHENG Li ping, WANG Ning fei, FENG Wei
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The changes of particle size and its distribution for Al 2O 3 in the combustion process of no aluminumed propellant with the change in pressure have been analysed by using T shape combustion chamber with controlled pressure, real time impulsive particle sampling technique and particulate size distribution technique. It is found that particulate size in combustion shows a single model profile, chamber pressure increases, and there is the agglomeration between the particle of the combustion products for propellant, but the particulate size is the almost same as the particulate size of Al 2O 3 in the propellant without combustion, and there is not apparently the agglomeration between the particle.

139. Quantitative Estimate of Phase Segregation of a New Type of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomer
DUO Ying quan, LUO Yun jun, LUO Shan guo
Beijing Institute of Technologym, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: A new type thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer for using as binder in solid propellent were prepared with melt prepolymerization method based on ethylene oxide tetrahydrofuran random copolyehter,isophorone diisocyanate and 1,4 butanediol.Quantitative estimate of phase segregation were discussed with quantitative equation established based on DSC and FTIR results.

140. Study on the Mechanical Properties of Cross-linked Composite Modified Double-base Propellant with Low Signal
LI Xu li, FAN Xue zhong, SUN Yu kun, WANG Ning fei
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The effects of binders, cross linking agents, plasticizers and bonding agents on the mechanical properties of cross linked composite modified double base propellant were thoroughly studied. It was found that the maximum stress ( σ m ,+20℃) and the maximum elongation ( ε m ,-40℃) are ≥0.8MPa and ≥40% respectively.

141. Study on Determination of Polymer Deterrent Concentration Profile in Small sized Gun Propellant
WANG Qiong lin, LIU Shao wu, PAN Qing, WANG Yuan
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: Method based on ATR FTIR system is successfully introduced to measure the concentration curve of polymer deterrent in small arms double base gun propellant. Tests show that polymer deterrent concentration curve obey Fick's law and can be adjusted.

142. Study on the Energy Characteristic of Solid Propellant Containing Hydrazinium Nitroformate
HONG Wei liang, ZHAO Feng qi, LIU Jian hong, TIAN De yu
Normal College, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China

Abstract: Hydrazinium nitroformate (HNF) used as a “new” oxidizer for solid rocket propellants exhibits excellent properties of high energy and clean burning. Recently, the new progresses on the preparation and application of HNF are made. In this paper, energy characteristic of propellants such as HNF/GAP/Al, NC/NG/HNF/RDX, and NC/NG/HNF/RDX/Al are researched. The iso property trigonal figures of the propellants are drawn. From these figures, it can be directly discovered that there exists the relation among the specific impulse and the combusting temperature and components.

143. Surfactants Improving the Dispersion of RDX in AN-EDD Eutectic System
ZHAO Sheng xiang, ZHANG Yi an, HU Huan xing, LU Chun xu
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The adsorption of ethylenediamine dinitratc(EDD) ammonium nitrate(AN) eutectic liquid on RDX crystal surface were studied by testing the surface energy of RDX and the surface tension strength of EDD AN eutectic liquids with various surfactant. The addition of surfactants reduces the surface tension strength of eutectic liquids, causing them spread on the RDX crystal surface, and resulting in EDD AN RDX explosive presenting a high fill density.

144. Study on the Polyurethane Liner with Double Functions
LI Dong lin, WANG Ji gui, NIN Xi jiang
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The polyurethane liner used for bonding the NEPE propellant and EPDM insulation is designed.The liner,which has special properties of good anti migration and reliable adhesion,is also discussed in the paper.

145. Comparison Study of Two Technology of Making Coated Propellant with Low Temperature Sensitivity
HUANG Hong yong, WANG Ze shan
Charging Institute, NUST, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: The properties of coated propellants made by new and old technology were studied by the ways of determining the thickness of coating layer, experiments of termination combustion and closed bomb combustion. Results showed that the coated propellant made by this two technologies have the same low temperature coefficient, and the quality uniformity of products made by new technology was raised because the thickness and others coating layer's properties was controlled accurately.

146. Research Development for Diffusion of Deterrent in Gun Propellant
WANG Qiong lin, LI Shang wen, WANG Ze shang
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The diffusion of deterrent in gun propellant plays a important role in controlling the stability of propellant product during storage and the diffusion of diterrent during deterring process. This paper presents some experimental and theorical developments related to the diffusion of deterrent in gun propellant.

147. Probable Error of Fire for the Low Temperature Sensitivity Propellant Charge
SONG Shi yu, WANG Ze shan
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: The paper analysis the burning procedure of the low temperature sensitivity mixture charge(LTSC). By the help of the burning experiment curve of the fixed volume closed bomb, the reason that propellant result from the higher pressure at low temperature was explained. At last, a kind of efficient method which can eliminate the higher pressure at low temperature was introduced.

148. Combustion Property of Coated HMX Particles
LIU Yun fei, YANG Rong jie, TAN Hui min
School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: The combustion property of HMX, coated by polymer materials and bonding agents, were stuedied. The results show that polymer materials can decrease the HMX's burning rate, while bonding agents have little influence on the HMX's combustion property.

149. Acoustic Emission Property of HTPB Composite Solid Propellant Material
YANG Jian hong, ZHAO Guang hui, YU Zhi Gang, LUI Bing ji
The Second Artillery Engineering College, Xi'an 710025, China

Abstract: This paper expatiates upon the principle and application of Acoustic Emission (AE), and it is known that AE technique is applicable to HTPB composite solid propellant dynamic damage process. HTPB composite solid propellant dynamic damage process. HTPB composite solid propellant properties are got through analyzing experiment data.

150. The Oil Phase Analysis of Emulsion Explosive
TIAN Lin xiang
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: The component identify of emulsion explosive oil phase was done by GPC、TLC、IR、TGA and DSC. The experiment show that GPC can identify the existence of polymer additive easily and quickly, TLC is useful for distinguishing SP 80, IR can discern the existence of the beeswax, the existence of water in the oil phase can be quantified though TGA and DSC, jointly with IR, meanwhile, TG can provide strange evidence for existence of inorganic salt.

151. Determination of the Isomer Ratio in Commercial Toluene Diisocyanate by Liquid Chromatography
GU Zong ju, YANG Run ning
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for determing the 2,4 /2,6 isomer ratio in commercial. toluene diisocyanate (TDI) was developed. The TDI were converted to toluene diurethane derivatives by reaction with anhydrous ethanol, and subsequent were analyzed using HPLC by reference material which synthesized by author, on C18 column and methanol/water 55/45 as mobile phase. This method is accurater,faster and simpler than Infrared Spectrophotometric method (ASTM method).

152. Impact and Friction Sensitivity of Minimum Smoke Propellant Based on NC and TMETN
ZHAO Feng qi, YANG Dong, LI Shang wen
Xian Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xian 710065, China

Abstract: The sensitivity properties of minimum smoke propellant based on nitrocellulose(NC) and trimethylolethane trinitrate(TMETN) have been investigated. It is found that using TMETN to replace NG is really an important method to enable DB or minimum smoke propellant to possess insensitive characteristics. After TMETN is substituted for NG, the impact and friction sensitivity of the propellant decrease obviously. The effects of the composite cataysts, flame eliminating agent and insensitive energetic additives on mechanical sensitivity are also discussed.

153. Study on the Mechnical Property of Binder for Heating resisting Caseless Cartridge
BAI Xiao juan, XU Sai long, XIAO Zhong liang, ZHANG Xu zhu, WU Xiao qing
North China Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: Based on the study of caseless cartridge binders solution,by means of compression, the effect of different viscosity PVB and ration of PVB to PNP and to plasticizer on mechanical property of caseless cartridge is studied , and the composition of binder for heat resisting caseless cartridge is preliminary determined.

154. The Effect about Binders in Propellant to Heat Resistant Safety Properties
WU Xiao qing, XIAO Zhong liang, LIU You ping
North China Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: For improving the heat resistant properties of propellant , two kind binders have been used.One takes PNP as principal binding composition, another takes NC as principal binding composition. Through various experiments of heat resistant properties , the result is that the heat resistant propellant can change with binding composition in the heat resistant polymer.

155. Study on the Insensitive Action of TATB on HMX
KOU Li ping
North China Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: By the experimental data of mechanical sensitivity, heat sensitivity and shock wave sensitivity, the insensitive action of TATB on HMX is studyed. This proves that the polymer bonded explosive based on HMX/TATB is very important to the research of insensitive high explosive.

156. Study on Effect of Carbon Fiber on Mechanical Property of Caseless Ammunition
LIU Yan qiu, MA Zhong liang, XIAO Zhong liang, ZHANG Xu zhu
North China Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: Based on the fundamental of carbon fiber (CF)reinforced composite material, this paper used PAN based CF to reinforced the caseless ammunition. To evaluate the reinforced effect, we compress the samples. Changing the content and the ratio of length/diameter( l/d ) of the CF, we can study the influence of two factors to the mechanical property of the caseless ammunition the result states that the mechanical property of the caseless ammunition can be improved greatly with the increase of the content. But for the l/d , the result is reverse.

157. Influence of Technological Conditions on the Combustion Property of Azide Nitramine Propellant
ZHENG Lin, LI Sheng hui, HUANG Zhen ya
Xian Modern Chemistry Research Institute,Xian 710065, China

Abstract: The paper deals with the influence of technological conditions of liquid phase desensitied technology on the combustion property of diazidonitrazapentane(DIANP) propellant, sucu as the concentration of desensitizer and the ways of adding the desensitizer.

158. Test Research and Comment on Impact Safety of TNT
LU Ping, XU Xi ning, YIN Meng chao
Xian Modern Chemistry Research Institute,Xian 710065, China

Abstract: The impact sensitivity of TNT has been researched.Detailing experement data which based on several methods in small drop weight tests were provided.The normal ranges of sensitivity of standard TNT have been set up by statistical analyses.It is also discussed and commented on the relation between the small drop weight tests and large tests,such as Susan tests,skid tests.These are useful for the application and accident analyses of TNT.

159. Dynamic Mechanical Performance of Some Polymers at Low Temperature
QIN Ya ping,LIU Zi ru,KONG Yang hui
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute,Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: In this paper, the dynamic mechanical performance of some polymers was investigated by DMA. The parameters of dynamic mechanical performance of samples were determined. Base on the time temperature superposition principle of dynamic mechanical performence, constants C 1 and C 2 of WLF equation were obtained, and the fragility parameters of samples were calculated form C 1 and C 2. The differences of storage modulus and fragility parameter of samples were explained form the point of view of molecular structure.

160. Determination of CL 20 Purity by High Perfomace Liquid Chromatography
Tian Linxiang
Beijing Insititute of Technology, Beijing 100081)

Abstract: The purity of CL 20 produced by different synthesis routes and refined stages was determined by the method of using external standard calibration. This study show that the accuracy and sensitivity of this approach can satisfy requirements of the product analysis, and that external standard calibration is more simple and practical in determining the purity of CL 20.

161. A Study about Impact Sensitivity of Ultrafine HMX and RDX
Zhang Xiaoning Xu Gengguang Xu Junpei
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081)

Abstract: A study about ultrafine HMX and RDX was performed using expolosion probability method. The result shows that the explosion rate of ultrafine HMX and RDX is much lower than that of the military standard. The reason of sensitivity falling is analyzed, and the significance of study of high energy, low sensityvity explosived is predicted.

162. Recent Advances in Radiation Degradation of Cotton Cellulose
Gong Ningrui Liu Jihua Chang Dehua
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081)

Abstract: The development of the kinds and characters of radiation sources in radition degradation of cotton cellulose, recent advances, degradation mechanism and widely prospect of this method are reviewed.

163. The Dynamic Viscoelastic Properties and Impact Fracture Properties of Multibase Propellant
Luo Yunjun Gao Haiyau
Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081)

Abstract: The dynamic viscoelastic properties and impact fracture properties of nitroamine propellant and nitrogunadine propellant were studied by using the DDV Ⅲ EA model dynamic viscoelastic instrument and UJ 40 model Izod impact test machine. The relationships between them of two gun propellants were discussed by theory and experiment. The results show that the impact fracture toughness decrease with the increasing of dynamic storage modulus, but improve with the increasing of tan δ peak value in β secondary transition. The dynamic mechanical characteristic of gun propellant in the superspeed and dynamic condition can be predicted according to the equivalent principle of time temperature. It is very important for improving the mechanical properties of two kinds of multibase gun propellants.

164. Application of Half solvent Process to Interstitial Cast Technology
Chen Guangxing Chen Long Giang Jiebing An Fangyan
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research lnstitute, Xi'an 710065)

Abstract: The effect of granular size of catalyst on solid propellant′s combustibility and the utility on half solvent process used in interstitial cast technology are discussed in this paper. The result that the application of half solvent process to interstitial cast technology improves the properties of solid propellant is given by our experiment.

165. The Study on Improvement of the MechanicalProperty of Nitroamine Propellant
Li Xinrui Zhao Baochang
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094)

Abstract: By means of compact, compression and combustion extinguished test, as well as morphology of impact fractured and combustion extinguished surfaces, the mechanical property of two nitromine propellants (RGD7 and RHD6) are compared at different temperature. It shows that impact strength, compression strength and percentage of RHD6 are higher than that of RHD7, its damaged percentage is lower, and its impact fractured and combustion extinguished surfaces are improved. From the results, it may be suggested that RHD6 is a new type of propellant.

166. Measurement of Dynamics Parameters of the Caseless Ammunition
Ma Zhongliang Yao Aiqing Xiao Zhongling
North China Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030051)

Abstract: This paper tested of the heat characters of the caseless ammunition by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG). Thermodynamics and dynamic parameters were obtained. These have some worth to study the prescription design of the caseless ammunition.

167. The Application of PNP in Caseless Ammunition Cartridge
Qu Hong Ma Zhongliang Xiao Zhongliang
North China Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030051)

Abstract: By using high resistant energitic binder PNP to replace NC, the heat resistance of caseless ammunition cartridge can be greatly improved and its energy and combustion characteristic can match the request in the meantime. This proves that PNP can be used as an ingredient in the formulation not only of caseless ammuntion cartridge but also of propellant which requests heat resistance and safety.

168. Determination of Binder System in Solid Cross linked Propellants
Zhang Guodong Lei Liangfang Shan Wengang Chen Xueli
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065)

Abstract: The action of binder system on performances of solid cross linked propellants was studied. Such binder system included binders, cross linking agents and their catalysts, bonding agents etc. Some fundamental rules for selecting the binder system were provided. The lastest developments in binder system were also introduced in this paper.

169. The Application of Bonding Agent in Solid Propellants
An Hongmei Li Jianjun
College Attached to North China Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030008)

Abstract: This paper summarizes the cause of dewetting produced in the solid propellant and the methods of preventing dewetting. It also describes the sorts of the bonding agent and their effects used to improve the mechanical property of solid propellant at home and abroad.

170. The Viscosity Behaviour of Nitrocellulose Chain in Freezing Procedure
Luo Yunjun Pang Xiaoping
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081)

Abstract: Having been frozen, polymer solution will have lower viscosity. For a long time, this phenomenon has been considered as a result of the fracture of polymer chain (degradation). In this paper, the viscosity behaviour of the dilute solution of nitrocellulose is studied and ,by means of Ubbelodhe capillary viscometer, the changing regularities in relative viscosity of the original solution, the frozen solution, the frozen heated solution and the frozen heated frozen solution are measured. The results show that the viscosity decrease of nitrocellulose solution in freezing procedure is not due to the fracture of nitrocellulose chains (degradation) but the condensation (tangle) within the nitrocellulose chain, that the nitrocellulose solution with different concentration has different changing regularity in relative viscosity in freezing procedure, and that at the initial freezing stage the nitrocellulose with higher concentration may see its condensation happening within chain and among chains simultaneously.

171. Study on Coated Dihydroxyglyoxime With Polyvinyl Acetate
Liu Yunfei Yang Rongjie Tan Huimin Wang Yi
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081)

Abstract: Dihydroxyglyoxime (DHG) particles were coated in emulsion solutions of polyvinyl acetate. The surfaces of DHG particles were analysed with XPS and TEM. It was obtained that the application of the coated DHG in composite solid propellants of hydroxyterminated binder can improve mechanical properties of the propellant.

172. Investigation on the Composition Analysis of Propellant by SEC
Luo Yunjun Yan Xiaohu Lu Guiqin
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081)

Abstract: In this paper, the analyzed method of propellant composition that used the size exclusion chromatography (SEC) has been studied. The compositions of some propellants have been determined by the SEC equipment of WATEERS244, the SEC curves has been analyzed, and the standard curves of some propellant's compositions were given. The results measured by the SEC analytic method and by the chemical analytic methods were compared the single based propellant and the double base propellant as examples, which pointed out that the SEC can separate and determine every composition of propellant at the same time. This analytic way has the advantages that the operations are simple and the results accurate. This has very important value in engineering application

173. Even Design Method Applied to Select Optimum Formula for Propellant
Bai Guangmei Zhang Xuzhu
North China Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030051)

Abstract: Even design method applied to select optimum proportion of complex combustion catalyst (CCC) φ Pb/β Cu/ TYCB has been presented in this paper.The samples in which the proportion of CCC is different are made by screw extrusion technique. the burning rates are tested under different pressure. Regression analysis method is applied to process data, the linear regression equations between burning rate and CCC are set up, and marked character test are made .Results indicate it is practicable to apply even design method to select optimum formula for propellant. The propellant which contains 3.0%φ Pb,0.6%β Cu,0.4% TYCB has better combustion performance, whose burning rate change little with the pressure changing.

174. Analysis to Prevent Caking and Hardening of the No.2 Ammonium Nitrate TNT Oil Explosive
Shi Jun
Zhejiang No.785 Factory, Shengzhou 312400)

Abstract: In this paper, effects of the factors on caking and Hardening of No.2 ammonium nitrate TNT oil explosive are discussed according to the moisture content of raw materials, loading temperature, moisture absorption of semiproduct , moisture content of product and storage of the product in different temperature.

175. Properties of Azoles Energetic Compounds
Li Jiarong
Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081)

Abstract: The Preperties of 1,2,4 triazole energetic compounds which incluede their densities, sensitives etc, are reviewed.

176. Research the Application of Temperature Shock Test to Composite Explosive
Qin Yaping Yu Yinlin Wu Chengyun Xu Guang
Xian Mordern Chemistry Research Institute 710065)

Abstract: Using the test technology of explosives at temperature shock, the authors have carried out temperature shock from -54℃ to +71℃. Studying temperature vary made impact for stability of cyclinder explosives size and function of mechanics.

177. Determination of the Components in propellant, Contained DIANP by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Gu Zongju Cai Bingyuan
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Reseach Institute, 710065)

Abstract: Analysis of the components in propellant, contained 1,5 diazide 3 nitraza penta(DIANP) by high performance liquid chromatography, detemination of DIANP, RDX, Nitroglycerin, Dinitrotoluene, centralite on a C18 column and using acetonitrile methanol water(22∶33∶45)or methanol water(75∶25)mixed mobile phase.

178. Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Composites
Zhang Baoyan Tan huimin
Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: Composite films based on prepared thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU),ammonium perchlorate (AP),aluminium powder,dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were prepared successfully by using calender with the process themperature no more than 120°C.Tensile test results indicated that these TPU composites have satisfactory mechanical properties which reach or surpass the property index for propellant system.

179. The Effect of Composite Propellant Thermal Decomposition Characteristics on it's Fracture Property
Peng Wangda Wong Wujun Cao chuanxin Zhang Ren
National University of Defense Technology,Changsha 410073, China

Abstract: The effect of AP/HTPB Composite propellant thermal decomposition characteristics on initial change rate of fracture property during aging has been studied in this paper.The results show that initial change rate of fracture energy is inversely proportional to initial decomposition temperature,high temperature decomposition peak temperature and decomposition reaction activation energy at high and low temperature,but it is directly proportional to high and low temperature reaction rate constant.The linear regression accuracy of all these corresponding relation exceeds 0.98.

180. Optimization Design of Aluminized Nitramine Propellant Formulations
Liu Dehui Wu Wenqing Lu Zhenzhong
National University of Defence Technology,Changsha 410073)

Abstract: Optimization design of aluminized nitramine propellant formulations by the method of orthogonal design has been carried out in this paper.A good propellant formulation with the considration of processing property has been determined.

181. A New Type of Polymer Deterrent Coated Gun Propellant
Wang Qionglin Liu Shaowu Hao Ning
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute,Xi'an 710065)[KH+4mmD]

Abstract: A new type of polymer deterrent coated gun propellant was investigated by the means of closed bomb tests,14.5mm gun firing tests and accelerated aging tests.The results show that polymer deterrent coated propellants have lower initial burning rate,higher burning rate progressivity and higher interior ballistic efficiency than those of DBP deterrent coated one and uncoated one.Test data indicate that polymer deterrents migrate slower than DBP.And with the increase of molecular weight of the polymers,their migration tendency decrease.

182. New Developments of Energetic Materials Abroad
Li Shangwen Zhao Fengqi
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute,Xi'an 710065)

Abstract: Based on the Proceedings of the 27th International Annual Conference of ICT, this paper introduces the new developments of energetic materials such as composite propellants containing BUTACENE,GAP,CL 20,ADN and NTO, etc.

183. New Correlations for Predicting Impact Sensitivities of Nitro Energetic Compounds.
Lai, W. -P. [Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, P.R. China.], Lian, P. [Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, P.R. China.], Wang, B. -Z. [Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, P.R. China.], Ge, Z. -X. [Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, P.R. China.], Journal of Energetic Materials; Jan-Mar2010, Vol. 28 Issue 1, p45-76

Abstract: Some new and simple correlations have been introduced to predict impact sensitivities of various nitro energetic compounds. The correlations are based on the atomic numbers of C, H, N, O, and other amending factors, which are determined by the effect of the connective positions of groups to impact sensitivity. The predicted impact sensitivities for 196 energetic compounds are compared with the latest empirical computations presented by Keshavarz. Root mean square (rms) of deviation from experimental data is 37 cm, which is lower than that obtained from Keshavarz's computation (44 cm) [25,26].

184. Preparation and Safety of Well-Dispersed RDX Particles Coated with Cured HTPB.
An, C. W. , Guo, X. D. , Song, X. L. , Wang, Y. , Li, F. S. [ National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China], Journal of Energetic Materials; Apr-Jun2009, Vol. 27 Issue 2, p118-132

Abstract: HTPB/IPDI (hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene & Isophorone diisocyanate) and TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) were successively coated on RDX (hexogen) particles by solvent evaporation and aqueous slurry melting, respectively. When HTPB coated on RDX particles cured completely, TNT was removed by solvent dissolution and the well-dispersed RDX particles coated with cured HTPB were obtained successfully. SEM (scanning electron microscopy), TEM (transmission electron microscopy), XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectrometry), and laser granularity measurement were employed to characterize the coated samples, and the mechanical sensitivity and thermal stability were measured and analyzed. Results show that TNT on the outer layer effectively hinders the adhesion among the particles resulting from the curing of inner layer (i.e., HTPB and IPDI). The final coating particles disperse well and their mechanical sensitivity decreases significantly. When the covering amount of HTPB is 2 wt.%, drop height (H50) of RDX increases from 37.2 to 66.5 cm and explosion probability (P) decreases from 92 to 16%. Compared with that of uncoated samples, the activation energy and self-ignition temperature of coated samples do not vary.

185. An experimental study on mechanical properties of energetic materials in triaxial compression due to impact
X. P. Han [Dept. of Applied Mechanics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China ], L. X. Li [School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi an, P. R. China ], Z. Y. Chong [School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi an, P. R. China ], Journal of Energetic Materials, Volume 17, Issue 2 & 3 June 1999 , pages 177 – 190

Abstract: An experimental apparatus of triaxial compressionl which is available to measure the mechanical response of explosives at different temperatures and strain rates, is developed by authors. Dynamic and static compressive experiments of Comp. B and TNT are performed and the material properties) such as compressive modulus, Poisson's ratio and yield strength etc., are obtained. The results show that there exist clear effects of temperature and strain rate for TNT and Comp. B. It also can be found that compressive modulus and strength of Comp. B are larger than that of TNT. In addition, a new method to determine the yield strength in triaxial loading state is presented.

186. A study on dynamic compressive properties of energetic materials at low temperature
X. P. Han [Dept. of Applied Mechanics, Northwestern Polytechanical University Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. C.], L. X. Li [School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. C], Y. C. Zhang [School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. C]
Journal of Energetic Materials, Volume 17, Issue 2 & 3 June 1999 , pages 191 - 196

Abstract: The mechanical response of explosives at low temperature was investigated and an experiment apparatus is presented which is available to conduct dynamic compression for explosives at low temperature. Measurements of Comp. B and TNT explosives have been made. The data obtained experimentally depend greatly on the strain rate employed. It is found that the strain εm (εm is the strain at compressive strength σm) increased with increasing strain rate for both explosives at low temperature. The mechanical properties of Comp. B are higher than those of TNT for all measuring conditions in the present study. The effect of inertia on experiment curves was reduced by introducing a factor of flexibility.

187. Experimental investigation of adiabatic shear bands formation in TNT explosives under impact
X. P. Han [Dept. of Engineering Mechanics, Northwestern Polyterhanical University Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R.C.]; T. H. Zhang [Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R.C. ]; Z. H. Zhao [Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R.C.]

Abstract: Microstructure of TNT explosives column deformed under impact was observed with optical and scanning electron microscopy. The original TNT grains have the shape of coarse strip. Under impact it can be found the formation of adiabatic shear bands (ASB) in TNT samples. ASB is characterized by a river shape area, in which crystals were severely drawn out and experienced an instantaneously high temperature. Adiabatic shear is starting from the high concentration of strain in some area and the severe twist of crystals, and go up to the appearance of ASB. The emergence of ASB strongly depends on strain and strain rate. The formation of ASB is much easier in TNT explosives than in metals.

188. Surface Coating of RDX with a Composite of TNT and an Energetic-Polymer and its Safety Investigation
Chong-Wei An [National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094 (China), Chemical Industry and Ecology Institute, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 03005 (China)], Feng-Sheng Li [National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094 (China)], Xiao-Lan Song [National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094 (China)], Yi Wang [National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094 (China)], Xiao-De Guo [National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094 (China)], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 34: 400–405.

Abstract: To improve the safety of RDX (hexogen), an energetic polymer (HP-1) was introduced to coat RDX with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by combining the solvent–nonsolvent and the aqueous suspension-melting method. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) were employed to characterize the samples, and the role of HP-1 in the coating process was discussed. The impact sensitivity, friction sensitivity, and the thermal stability of unprocessed and coated RDX were investigated, and the explosion heat of samples was also estimated. Results indicate that HP-1 improves the wetting ability of the liquid coating material on RDX surface and reinforces the connection between RDX and the coating material. By surface coating, the impact and friction sensitivity of RDX decrease obviously; the drop height (H50) is increased from 37.2 to 58.4 cm, and the friction probability is reduced from 92 to 38%. The activation energy (E) and the self-ignition temperature increase by 10457.38 J⋅mol−1 and 1.8 K, respectively. The explosion heat is reduced merely by 0.93%.

189. Quantitative Determination of ε-phase in polymorphic HNIW using X-ray Diffraction Patterns
Huaxiong Chen, Shusen Chen, Lijie Li, Shaohua Jin [School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081 (China)], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 33: 467–471.

Abstract: An X-ray diffraction method was applied for the quantitative determination of the ε-Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) in polymorphs of HNIW. The XRD patterns of four polymorphs illustrate the unique nonoverlapping peak at 19.9° which belongs to ε-HNIW. The intensity ratio of the peak at 19.9° of ε-HNIW to the peak at 79.6° of α-Al2O3 is proportional to the weight ratio of standard ε-HNIW to the internal standard of α-Al2O3, which enables the internal standard method. When the particle size of the sample is less than 10 μm, the content of ε-HNIW ranging from 70 to 100 wt.-% can be determined with an absolute error below 2.0%.

190. The Use of Inverse Gas Chromatography (IGC) to Determine the Surface Energy of RDX
Yunjun Luo, Meina Du [School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081 (P. R. China)], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 32: 496–501.

Abstract: The surface properties of RDX play an important role in enhancing mechanics performances of the propellants and explosives. In this work, thereby, inverse gas chromatography (IGC) using various probe liquids as the medium was used to determine the surface energy components of RDX containing both dispersive and polar components, which were acquired respectively from neutral probe liquids (such as n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane) and polar probe liquids (such as chloroform, benzene, methanol). The results show that RDX located in different column temperatures has difference in the surface energy and possesses more surface energy when there is high temperature. The calculated formula of the total surface energy with temperature is: , and it is also found that dispersive, polar, electron acceptor, and electron donor components of RDX are , , , and , respectively. These results demonstrate that the dispersive component is the primary part of the total surface energy, and RDX has an acid performance.

191. Fractal Analysis of TATB-Based Explosive AFM Morphology at Different Conditions
Ke-Mei Cheng, Xue-Yong Liu, De-Bin Guan, Tao Xu, Zhong Wei [Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 32: 301–306.

Abstract: The morphology of in situ heated and stockpiled TATB-based explosive (TBE) was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The AFM images were analyzed by a fractal method and conventional methods. The result of the fractal analysis indicated that in the thermal process of TBE the binder chains were gradually activated with increasing temperature and resulted in a spread of binder and a decrease in the fractal dimension of the surface. The crystallinity of the binder increased with extending time above the glass transition temperature (Tg), which caused the surface structure dimension (Df) to be more complicated.

192. Dissociation Mechanism of HNIW Ions Investigated by Chemical Ionization and Electron Impact Mass Spectroscopy
Rongjie Yang, Hemiao Xiao [School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 31: 148–154.

Abstract: Chemical Ionization (CI) with Collision-Induced Dissociation (CID) spectroscopy and Electron Impacting (EI) with metastable Mass analyzed Ion Kinetic Energy (MIKE) spectroscopy have been applied to study ionic dissociations of Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW). Similarities and differences between EI/MIKE and CI/CID mass spectra of HNIW were analyzed. In EI mass spectra, the ions [HNIW−n NO2]+ (n=2–5), such as the ion at m/z 347, were less frequent (1–2% relative abundance), but in CI mass spectra, these ions were very abundant. For some ions of large molar mass from HNIW, their dissociations pathways from parent ions to daughter ions were built according to CID and MIKE spectra. Molecular ions of HNIW with a protonated nitro group at five-member ring seem more stable than at six-member ring. The HNIW ions losing five of six nitro groups are very stable based on CID spectra, which agrees with some research results for thermal decomposition of HNIW in literature.

193. Novel Segmented Thermoplastic Polyurethanes Elastomers Based on Tetrahydrofuran Ethylene Oxide Copolyethers as High Energetic Propellant Binders
Fu-Tai Chen, Ying-Quan Duo, Shan-Guo Luo, Yun-Jun Luo, Hui-Min Tan [School of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 28: 7–11.

Abstract: Novel thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomers based on copolyether (tetrahydrofuran ethylene oxide) as soft segments, isophorone diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol as hard segments were synthesized for the purpose of using as propellant binders. In order to increase the miscibility of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers with nitrate ester, polyethylene glycol (PEG) is incorporated in the co-polyether (tetrahydrofuran ethylene oxide) as soft segment. When the molecular weight and content of polyethylene glycol are controlled to 4000 and 6% of soft segments, respectively, the properties of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers are most perfect. If plasticizing ratio of nitrate ester to thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers exceeds 4 no crystallinities are determined at room temperature. The propellant samples were prepared by a conventional absorption-rolling extrusion process and the mechanical and combustion properties evaluated afterwards. The maximum impulse reaches up to 265∼270 s which is a little bit higher than that of a HTPB propellant. The measured results reveal a promising TPE propellant candidate which shows good processing temperature (<393 K) and excellent mechanical properties. An attracting feature which can be pointed out is that the burning rate pressure exponent reaches as low as 0.36 without the addition of burning rate catalysts. This enables an easy control of propellant combustion.

194. Study on the Nitrolysis of Hexamethylenetetramine by NMR Spectrometry†. Part III: The NMR spectral data of some products and intermediates from the nitrolysis of HA
Zhijie Fang1 [Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu (P. R. China)], Ju Chen2, Fuping Li2 [Xian Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xian, Shanxi (P. R. China)], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 22: 314–316.

Abstract: The 1H and 13C chemical shifts of methylene groups in nitric acid are reported for seven products and intermediates involved in the formation of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX) from the nitrolysis of hexamethylenetetramine (HA). Based on the results, the 1H and 13C chemical shift ranges of the methylene groups in different kinds of methylenenitramines from the nitrolysis liquors of HA were discussed.

195. Study on the Nitrolysis of Hexamethylenetetramine by NMR spectrometry† II. Some new evidences of the intermediate of HOCH2NHNO2 as a possible precursor to RDX
Zhijie Fang1, Li Chen1 [Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, Jiangsu (PRC)], Shaofang Wang2, Ju Chen2, Fuping Li2 [Xian Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xian Shanxi (PRC)], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 22: 78–80.

Abstract: In this research, the RDX yield from nitrolysing hexamethylenetetramine (hexamine, HA) together with methylenedinitramine (MDNA) in 90% nitric acid was more than 100%. It was found that MDNA decomposed completely in 90% nitric acid, forming O(CH2ONO2)2, while in HNO3 NH4NO3 system the decomposed fragments of MDNA condensed into RDX. On the basis of the comparison of the experimental results to the 1H-NMR spectra obtained by following the decomposition reaction of MDNA with nitric acid, the intermediate, HOCH2NHNO2, was postulated as one of the possible precursors to RDX both in Hale and in K process.

196. Application of Fractal Geometry to Dynamical Impacting of condensed explosives and other materials
Zhang Guanren [South-West Institute of Fluid Physics, Chengdu 610003 (China)], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 21: 166–168.

Abstract: The relation between fractal dimension D of impacting condensed explosive sample and its related physical parameters is derived. With this relation, and the frame photograph of impacting, the threshold energy required to initiate any physical or chemical process, such as melting, ignition or detonation can be calculated.

197. Investigation on interfacial bonding in HMX-containing model propellant composite
Yao Weishang, Wu Wenhui, Jia Zhanning, Dai Jianwu, Tan Huiming [College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081 (P. R. China)], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 20: 327–329.

Abstract: A series of novel bonding agents which comprise the structural features of hydantoin and isocyanurate derivatives have been developed. The mechanical properties of model propellant composite containing these novel bonding agents were determined. Wilhelmy plate and wicking methods were used to evaluate wetting properties of these new bonding agents, and the wetting properties were discussed in the respect of thermodynamics and dynamics. Combined with the results obtained from FTIR and XPS analysis, the interfacial bonding of these novel bonding agents with HMX was evaluated.

198. Study on the Nitrolysis of Hexamethylenetetramine by NMR spectrometry
Zhijie Fang1, Li Chen1[Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, Jiangsu (P.R. China)], Shaofang Wang2, Ju Chen2, Fuping Li2 [Xian Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xian, Shanxi (P.R. China)], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 20: 83–86.

Abstract: The nitrolysis of hexamethylenetetramine (hexamine, HA) and 1,3,5-trioxane was studied by NMR spectrometry. It was found that the structure of the nitrolysis products of the trioxane could be monomethylenedinitrate, dioxymethylenenitronitrate and trioxymethylenenitronitrate, O2N(OCH2)nONO2(n = 1,2,3). Comparison of the 1H and 13C spectra of the nitrolysis mixture of HA with the nitrolysis products of trioxane proved that in the nitrolysis mixture of HA the methylene group which cannot be used to form 1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (hexogen, RDX)appears in compound (2) and not in compound (1).

199. Review on Benzofuroxan System Compounds
Wang Naixing, Chen Boren, Ou Yuxiang [Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institut of Technology, Beijing 100081 (China)], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 19: 145–148.

Abstract: This paper reviews on benzofuroxan system compounds about structure, preparation and development. The replacement of nitro groups by furoxano groups on aromatic ring can increase density, detonation velocity and energy of explosives, so benzofuroxan system compounds and some energetic materials have aroused much attention.

200. The glass transition temprature measurement of nitrocellulose by torsional braid analysis
Jia Zhanning [The Chemical Engineering Department, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing (China)], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 17: 34–37.

Abstract: The glass transition temperature of pure nitrocellulose is determined by torsional braid analysis. The reproducibility and reliability of the measured results are discussed.

201. The Nitroglycerin Content Distribution in the coating of the solid propellant and the service life prediction of the charge
Shu-Yun Heng, Tong-Xue Pan, Yang-Hui Kong, Zi-Ru Liu [Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an (China)], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 16: 31–35.

Abstract: In this paper the distribution of the nitroglycerin (NG) content in the coating of solid double-base propellant charge during various time at three aging temperatures were found by using thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and the separation and cracking of the coating were observed. The results showed that the differences of NG contents in the coating are significant and are a main reason giving rise to the separation and cracking of the coating. A empiric functional relation of NG content distribution in the coating to the thickness and aging time and temperature was obtained from measured data. On the basis of the NG contents in the boundary layer of the coating contracted with the propellant and times of separation or cracking of the coating. The service life of the charge was predicted.

202. A New Method Rapidly Measuring Nitroglycerin in the coating of the rocket propellant
Yang-Hui Kong, Zi-Ru Liu, Cui-Mei Yin, Cheng-Yun Wu [Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an (China)], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 14: 212–214.

Abstract: In this paper an application of thermogravimetric-derivative thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTG) to the measurement of the nitroglycerin (NG) in thc coating of the rocket propellant was developed. In comparisons with gas chromatography (GC) and weight method (WM), TG-DTC has been confirmed to he even more available to measure rapidly migration of NG in thc coating. The new method is accurate to within ± 0.5% and its standard deviation is O.1. The method is of actual significance in respect of thc investigation of the migration regularity of plasticizer, the selection for coating materials and the prediction of service life of the solid propellants.

203. The properties of 1,3,3,5,7,7-hexanitro-1,5-diazacyclooctane (HCO) and its application in propellants
Xu Li-Hua, Wang Ming-xuan, Wang En-pu, Tan Hui-min, Chen Bo-ren [Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. C. (People's Republic of China)], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 13: 21–24.

Abstract: The properties of HCO and its application as a monopropellant were described. In comparison with HMX, it is also a high energetic explosive with high thermostability and can be used as an oxidizer in solid rocket propellants.
Theoretical specific impulse of HCO-double base propellant systems were calculated and the burning rates and thermostability of propellant were experimentally determined. Propellants were prepared with a spray-casting process. As an oxidizer in solid rocket propellant, HCO shows better characteristics under certain aspects compared with HMX.

204. Viscosity Prediction of Composite Solid Propellant Slurry
Yang Ke-Xi, Tao Ze-Ming, Wang Guo-Juan [Xin Feng Chemical Engineering Institute, Shanghai (China, PRC)], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 11: 167–169.

Abstract: The viscosity of composite solid propellant slurry is an important parameter in charging technical performance of solid rocket motors. It is affected not only by the liquid phase ingredients of propellants, but also by the size, content, shape and surface properties of solid fillers in propellants. This paper will present a prediction formula of viscosity of composite solid propellant and will also give a method for calculating the maximum packing volume fraction of solid in the formula. One can predict the viscosity of propellant slurry with the formula if the composition of the propellant is known.

205. Comparative Study on Estimating Method of Firing Level of Pyrotechnics
Tian Yu-bin, Wang Dian-peng and Fang Yong-fei, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(1):58-62

Abstract:Estimation of 100p% firing level is very important in reliability design,qualification and evaluation for pyrotechnics.A number of methods which include the up and down method,the Langlie method,the Wu method,the Neyer method and the optimal stochastic approximation method have been developed for a long time.These methods were compared under the normal and logistic sensitivity distribution by using Monte Carlo technique.The appropriate application range for each method was given by considering deviations.The optimal stochastic approximation method is suggested for p=0.5 and the Neyer method is suggested for p=0.99-0.999

206. Correction and Measurement of Transmittance of Smoke in 8-14 μm Waveband
ZHU Chen-guang, Lü Chun-xu, WANG Jun and WEI Feng, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(4):482~485

Abstract:To reduce the effects of smoke temperature on the transmittance measurement in 8-14 μm waveband, the transmittances of infrared smoke was analyzed with and without infrared radiation source. Results show that the transmittances of 5 g smoke agent is 40%-50% and 15%-20%. And the infrared smoke formed by burning leads to smoke cloud with a strong radiation. Then, a different correcting method was carried out. The transmittance is corrected by subtracting from the transmittance of infrared smoke without infrared radiation source, and transmittance of the smoke agent with infrared radiation source decrease to 25%-35%.

207. Application of Thermoplastic Elastomer to Triethylene Glycol Dinatrate Propellants
He Wei-dong, Wei Xiao-an and Wang Ze-shan, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(1):80~82

Abstract:The effects of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPUE) on mechanical,energy and combustion performance of triethylene glycol dinatrate (TEGN) propellants were studied. Results show that TPUE improves the mechanical properties,especially the impact resistance at low temperature (-40 ℃). When TPUE content is about 1%-3%,the impact strength at -40 ℃ increases by more than 60%. With the increase of TPUE,the propellant force (f) decreases gradually,and the co-volume (α) and pressure exponent (n) increase a little. When TPUE is 3%，f,α and n is changed to 2%,1.4% and 5.3% respectively.

208. Friction Properties of Polymer Bonded Explosives and Coatings
Wen Mao-ping, Lan Lin-gang and Pang Hai-yan, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(1):83~87

Abstract:The friction properties of two types of polymer bonded explosive(PBX) coded P1,P2 and two coatings named C1,C2 were tested by the universal testing machine based friction system and the nano-indenter respectively. The results of friction properties obtained by the two methods are correlative. The friction coefficient of C1 coating is the highest among the four materials and the C2 coating is more close to P1 and P2. The friction test for four materials which were in the aging enviroment of 60 ℃ 80%RH have beend conducted. Results show that only the C1 coating′s friction becomes much higher among the four materials

209. Mechanical Properties of Casting High Energy Composite Modified Double-base Propellant
WANG Han, FAN Xue-zhong, LIU Xiao-gang, LI Ji-zhen, QI Xiao-fei, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials 2010, 18(1):88~92

Abstract:Effects of the varieties and contents of nitrocellulose（NC）ball,particle sizes of ammonium perchlorate（AP）,contents of AP and RDX on the mechanical properties of casting high energy composite modified double-base (CMDB) propellant,were studied. Results show that,the tensile strength and elongation at +20 ℃ and +50 ℃ of the CMDB propellant decrease significantly with the decreasing of NC (12.0%N) content. Appropriate content of NC(13.0%N) and NC(12.6%N ) balls in CMDB propellant can enhance the tensile strength of CMDB propellant. But NC(13.0N%) ball is not helpful to the improvement of tensile elongation of the propellant,while NC(12.6%N) ball is beneficial to the improvement of the propellant elongation. At the same time,appropriate content of DB ball composed of NC(12.0%N) and NG in the propellant will improve the tensile strength and the elongation of the propellant. Particle sizes of AP have influences on the mechanical properties of the propellant. AP with smaller particle size is helpful to improve the tensile strength of the propellant, while AP with bigger granularity is conducive to the improvement of the propellant elongation. When RDX content in CMDB propellant increases gradually，the tensile strength of CMDB propellant at +20 ℃ and +50 ℃ firstly increases and then decreases,while the elongation at +20℃ and +50℃ firstly decreases and then increases.

210. Performance of 2,6-Diamino-3,5-dinitropyridine-1-oxide-based Heat-resistance Composite Explosives
HE Zhi-wei, LIU Zu-liang, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(1):97~101

Abstract:Three heat-resistant composite explosives (ANPyO(F2311), ANPyO(F2603), ANPyO(F2311:F2603=1:1)) composed of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyridine-1-oxide (ANPyO), polymer binders and plasticizer were prepared. The performance tests were conducted by measuring the heat resistance, formability, sensitivity, explosion energy and penetration power. Results show that three ANPyO-based heat-resistant composite explosives have better heat resistance and processability,which indicates that three composite explosives can be used in the temperature range of 200-250 ℃,and the mechanical sensitivities of three composite explosives are vicinal and lower than that of ANPyO individual explosive,and the minimum values of impact and friction sensitivity are about 10% and 24%, respectively. The detonation velocity and breaking armour of three composites explosive are higher than that of PYX-based composite explosive, and detonation velocity is increased by about 400 m•s-1, and depth of breaking armour is increased by about 30 mm.

211. Surface Deformation and Elasticity Recovery of PBXs and Coats
WEN Mao-ping, LAN Lin-gang, TIAN Yong and PANG Hai-yan, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(1):42~45

Abstract:The surface deformation and elasticity recovery of two polymer bonded explosives (PBXs) coded P1 and P2 and two coats named C1 and C2 during “load-unload-recovery” process were measured by nanoindention technology. The results show that the ability of deformation resistance of the four materials above is P1>P2>C1>C2,however the sequence of elasticity recovery is reverse. There is only tiny difference between C1 and P1,P2,but the difference between C2 and P1,P2 is obvious. That means comparatively C1 matches P1 and P2 better from point view of mechanical property. At the same time,the curves of four materials′ surface deformation and elasticity recovery were fitted based on Boltzmann non-linear function,whose relative coefficients were all over 0.99. These indicate that the function can well describe the relationship between the surface deformation,the elasticity recovery and time

212. Study on Turning Surface Micro-morphology and Roughness of PBX Parts
TANG Wei, LI Ming, HUANG Jiao-hu, ZHAO Yong-zhong, ZHANG Qiu, YIN Rui and ZHAO Xiao-dong, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(1):59~63

Abstract: Surface micro-morphology and roughness are considered as the important indexes of PBX turning surface quality. They affect the interface friction in assembly and transportation processes,and affect the adhesive strength of complicated structural PBX components. Different turning manners,such as dry turning and with cutting fluid,and different technological parameters were employed to make samples,which is a type of HMX based PBX. Observation tests of turning surface were established through 3D video optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the turning surface consists of continual spiral barred regions,which include knifepoint-extrusion stripes and non- knifepoint-extrusion stripes. The former are planar,and the micro-cracks and cracked explosive particles can be discovered in the latter stripes. All these phenomena are obvious especially in the manner of turning with cutting fluid. Stylus profiler was used to detect the surface roughness. The results indicate the roughness increases with cutting depth,feed and revolutions of machine spindle. A surface roughness empirical formula was deducted based on experiments, which can forecast practical roughness under different cutting parameters.

213. Calculation and Analysis on Energy Characteristics of Composite BAMO-THF Propellants
ZHAI Jin-xian, YANG Rong-jie, ZHU Li-xun and LI Jian-min, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(1):73~78

Abstract:The effects of ammonium perchlorate (AP), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-s-triazine (RDX), aluminum powder (Al) and ammonium dinitramide (ADN) used as solid fillers on energy characteristics of composite PBT (BAMO and tetrahydrofuran (BAMO-THF) copolymers) propellants plasticized with A3 (bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)acetal/bis (2,2-dinitropropyl)formal) and NG/DEGDN (glyceryl trinitrate/diethyleneglycol dinitrate) respectively were investigated using least free energy method. Calculated results indicate that the variation curves of the specific impulse of propellants are characteristics of a parabola with the increasing of RDX content,and there exist optimum content ratios of solid fillers in respective systems. Compared with those plasticized with A3,propellants plasticized with NG/DEGDN show higher specific impulses. The specific impulses are evidently enhanced due to the decreasing in average relative molecular mass of combustion products,caused by the addition of 15% ADN instead of AP into the formulations.

214. Energy Characteristics Computation of Propellant Containing 3,3'-Dinitro-4,4'-oxazafurazan
WANG Xu-peng, LUO Yun-jun, GUO Kai and Lü Yong, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(1):79~82,

Abstract:The energy parameters of the propellant containing 3,3'-dinitro-4,4'-oxazafurazan(DNOAF) were calculated under standard condition(pc/po=70: 1). Replacing ammonium perchlorate(AP) with DNOAF in HTPB propellant increases the specific impulse for 120 N•s•kg-1,and NC/NG/DNOAF smokeless CMDB propellant has a specific impulse of 2558 N•s•kg-1,and replacing HMX with DNOAF in PET/NG/DEGDN/HMX propellant increases the specific impulse for 194 N•s•kg-1.

215. Curing Kinetics of HTPB/TDI/Al System by Non-isothermal DSC
LIU Jing-ru and LUO Yun-jun, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(1):83~86

Abstract:Curing processes of HTPB/TDI and Al/HTPB/TDI composites were measured by non-isothermal differential heating calorimetry at different scanning rates. Results show that the values of apparent activation energy,reaction order and frequency factor of HTPB/TDI system are 51.826 kJ•mol-1,0.926,2.412×105 min-1,respectively. After adding aluminum powder,the peak temperature of the curing process is decreased. The values of apparent activation energy,reaction order and frequency factor are increased to be 76.402 kJ•mol-1,0.944,2.53×108 min-1,respectively. The curing reaction mechanism of HTPB/TDI meets Avrami-Erofeev Equation G(α)=［-ln(1-α)］n. The addition of aluminum powder into HTPB/TDI curing system only makes little change on index n. The curing reaction of HTPB/TDI can be accelerated by aluminum powder for the initial 18% of reaction extent and aluminum powder slows down the curing reaction for the latter 82% of reaction extent.

216. Progress in the Tautomerism and Decomposition of Amino-tetrazoles
FENG Li-na, ZHANG Jian-guo, ZHANG Tong-lai, SHU Yuan-jie, YANG Li and ZHENG Hui-hui, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(1):113~118

Abstract:The tautomerization and decomposition channels of amino-tetrazoles,mainly 5-amino-tetrzole and 1,5-diamino-tetrzole,were reviewed. The up-to-date study shows that 1-substitute-amino-tetrazoles,2-substitute-amino-tetrazole and 1-substitute-imino-tetrazoles are the most common isomers of amino-tetrazoles. There are basically two mechanisms for the decomposition of amino-tetrazoles. In the first mechanism the two bonds of the tetrazole ring break off,resulting in RN 3 and NH 2CN. The second decomposition channel comprises two steps. Firstly the N—N bond is cleaved,leading to RN 3. Then the produced RN3 loses one molecule N 2. In this paper,the tautomerization mechanisms of amino-tetrazoles represented by 5-amino-tetrazole and 1,5-diamino-tetrazole were investigated by using high level quantum chemistry calculations,the results show that the active energy of the first decomposition path way is lower than that of other paths,so it is the most probable reaction path.

217. Study on Morphology Control of Submicron HNS Explosive
WANG Jing-yu, HUANG Hao, DONG Jun, LIANG Lei, ZHANG Yu-ruo and HUA Jun, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(2):190~193

Abstract:Submicron/nano-HNS with different morphologies was prepared by prefilming twin-fluid nozzle assisted solvent and non-solvent crystallization process. By controlling of non-solvent temperature,non-solvent pH value and different surfactants,the effect of these factors on morphology of submicron/nano-HNS were analyzed. Results show that the morphology of HNS changes from short plane-like shape to long plane-like shape when non-solvent temperature changes from 25 ℃ to 50 ℃. The morphology comes through the variety of ellipsoid,short plane-like and club-shaped with pH value of non-solvent from acidity to neutral and finally basical,with the particle size distribution in 50-300 nm,50-500 nm,and 50-600 nm,respectively. Ellipse plane-like and long club-shaped morphology HNS were obtained using white dextrine and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) as surfactants in non-solvent,with the particle size distribution in 50-300 nm and 50-600 nm.

218. Relationship between Lattice Energy and Sensitivity of ［M(CHZ) 3］(NO3)2 and ［M(CHZ) 3］(ClO4)2 (M=Mn, Zn, Ni)
ZHENG Qiu-yu, QIAO Xiao-jing, SHAO Feng-lei, ZHANG Jian-guo and YANG Li, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(2):198~201

Abstract:The standard molar enthalpies of series of energetic coordination compounds solution with carbohydrazide as ligand and nitrate or perchlorate as anion in deionized water were measured by a Setaram C80II microcalorimeter at 298.15 K. Based on these values, their lattice energy were calculated through Kapustinkii formula, meanwhile the thermochemistry radius of ［M(CHZ) 3］2+ (M=Mn, Zn, Ni) was gained. The relationship between lattice energy and impact sensitivity or friction sensitivity was discussed. Results show that the lattice energy of perchlorate are smaller than their corresponding nitrate, thus the perchlorate are more sensitive.

219. Performance of Nitramine Propellants with Different Phases of HMX
WU Yan-guang, WU Xiao-qing, CHEN Hong-wei, ZHANG Lei and ZHANG Chuang, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(2):206~209

Abstract:In order to study the effects of phases of HMX on the nitramine propellants,the combustion performance and mechanical properties of nitramine propellants containing α-HMX and β-HMX were tested by closed combustion bomb and mechanical properties tester. Results show that the propellant with α-HMX is easy to be ignited and its gas generation brisance and combustion rate is lower than that with β-HMX,and the burning rate pressure exponent of the propellant with α-HMX is 0.1 higher than that with β-HMX and mechanical properties of the propellant withα-HMX is worse. In addition,when loading density is 0.12 g•cm-3, the two burning rate pressure exponents are larger than 1,and when loading density is 0.20 g•cm-3, the two burning rate pressure exponents reach the level of less than 1.

220. Humidity-heat Combination Stress Aging Behavior of NEPE Propellants
CHI Xu-hui, PENG Song, PANG Ai-min, ZHANG Shi-ping and WU Feng-jun, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(3):309~315

Abstract:NEPE propellant has been exposed to different temperature and humidity environment. Mechanical properties,gel fraction and content of stabilizers have been measured to investigate humidity-heat combination aging characteristic of the propellant. Results show that the humidity-heat aging of NEPE propellants is expressed as a combination of physical aging and chemical aging. The physical aging is in character of humidity aging: mechanical properties change rapidly at first and then slowly as time extending,finaly trend to fixed values. The chemical aging is in character of heat aging: there is a plateau of mechanical properties at the beginning,then a rapid drop succeeds to,and a low plat roof appears in the end. There are cooperative effects in humidity-heat combination stress aging: humidity accelerates chemical aging,and temperature increases depth and velocity of the physical aging. The basic chemical characteristic of heat-humidity aging of NEPE propellants is similar to that of heat aging. But humidity accelerates the depletion of stabilizers and the decomposition of binder network. Namely,humidity decreases apparent active energy of heat aging.

221. Research Development on Cryogenic Solid Propulsion Technology
LI Wen-bin, PANG Ai-min, XIAO Jin-wu, ZHANG Wen-gang and ZHANG Yun-gang, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(2):244~248

Abstract:Cryogenic solid propulsion(CSP) technology is a comprehensive technology of solid propellant and liquid propellant. The most important advantages of CSP are its simple structure,high reliability,high energy level and low environmental hazard. The research development of CSP at home and abroad on performance,composition,grain forms and principle motor fire test was introduced,and the future trend of CSP was to further increase its storable and usable temperature and energy level by different means.

222. Effect of Crosslink Network on Mechanical Properties of NEPE Propellant with Low Smoke
ZHANG Wei, FAN Xue-zhong, XIE Wu-xi, ZHANG La-ying, YANG Cai-ning, CHEN Yong-duo and WEI Hong-jian, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(3):265~268

Abstract:The effects of curing parameter (R)，ratio of plasticizer to binder (Pl/Po) and crosslinker (CA) content on the crosslink network and mechanical properties of the NEPE propellant with low smoke were studied by the swelling experiment，uniaxial tensile and dynamic mechanical test (DMA). Results show that the crosslink density (νe)，initial modulus (Eo) and maximum tensile strength (σm) of the propellant reach to the maximum，as the curing parameter (R) approaching to 1.5; the parameters (νe，Eo and σm) mentioned above increase with the decreasing of Pl/Po from 2.8 to 2.0 and with increasing of CA in the range of 0.00%-0.10%，the maximum elongation (εm) and elongation at break (εb) of the propellant increase as Pl/Po increases (or R and CA decreases); the loss factors (tanδα and tanδβ) of the propellant increase with the increasing of Pl/Po and CA，while the glass and secondary transitional temperatures (Tg and Tβ) of the propellant，which are approximately -33 ℃ and -56 ℃，are slightly affected by R，Pl/Po and CA.

223. Aging Characteristics of Interfacial Adhesive Property of Filler/Binder Matrix for HTPB Propellant
ZHANG Xing-gao, ZHANG Wei, LU Wei and WANG Chun-hua, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(3):269~273.

Abstract:The interfacial adhesive property between the filler and binder matrix of HTPB propellant under 15% and zero strain were characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM) and measuring the contact angle between the test liquids and filler AP or binder matrix respectively. The adhesive work and the interfacial tension between the filler and binder matrix were calculated. Results show that the work of adhesion (Wa) is decreased while the interfacial tension (γsl) is increased along with the aging time，and the interfacial adhesive of the filler/binder matrix are deteriorated under constant and zero strain. The interfacial adhesive property between the filler and binder matrix of HTPB propellant can be characterized by Wa and γsl. The value of the work of adhesion under constant strain is lower，and the interfacial tension is higher than that under zero strain. The constant strain can make the interfacial adhesive of the filler/ binder matrix deteriorate quickly.

224. Interfacial Bonding between RDX and Bonding Agents
LI Jiang-cun, JIAO Qing-jie,REN Hui, HU Xiao-chun and LI En-zhong, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(3):274~277

Abstract:The interfacial bonding between a series of bonding agents (including polyhydroxy alcohols bonding agents (LBA-22，LBA-201)，hyantoin/triazines composite bonding agents (CBA)，neutral polymeric bonding agents(NPBA) and substituted amides(LTAIC)) and RDX were studied. Meanwhile，all of the bonding agents were used to prepare RDX-CMDB propellants. The surface and interface parameters were measured by the contact angle method and Wilhelmy plat method，and adhesive work was calculated based on the harmonic-mean equation. Results show that the value of contact angle (θ) between CBA and RDX is 35.2°，and the value of adhesive work(Wa) is 135.01 mN/m. In FTIR spectra，(—NO2) group absorption peak has a 22 cm-1 red shift to 1510 cm-1 and the absorption band becomes wide. The mechanical properties of CMDB propellant with coated RDX are significantly improved. The value of σm is increased from 1.02 MPa to 2.01 MPa at high temperature (50 ℃) and the value of εm is increased by 140% at low temperature (-40 ℃). The surface and interface parameters of different bonding agents basically correspond with the mechanical properties improvement of CMDB propellants.

225. Oxidative Amination Reaction of 2，6-Diamino-3，5-dinitropyridine and its N-oxide
CHENG Jian, ZHOU Xin-li, QIAO Zhen, YAO Qi-zheng and LIU Zu-liang, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(3):296~298

Abstract: 2，6-Diamino-3，5-dinitropyridine (ANPy) and 2，6-diamino-3，5-dinitropyridine-1-oxide (ANPyO) was reacted with aqueous ammonia and KMnO4 under different conditions. Substitutions in the 4 position to the nitro group were obtained with high yields: 2，4，6-triamino-3，5-dinitropyridine (81.5%) and 2，4，6-triamino-3，5-dinitropyridine-1-oxide (85.4%). The effects of solvent type，concentration of the aqueous ammonia on the yields of target compounds were studied. The different results between 2，6-diamino-3，5-dinitropyridine (and 2，6-diamino-3，5-dinitropyridine-1-oxide) and 3-nitropyridien were analyzed. Structures of 2，4，6-triamino-3，5-dinitropyridine and 2，4，6-triamino-3，5-dinitropyridine-1-oxide were characterized by 1H NMR，IR and MS.

226. Quantitative Analysis of Molar Substitution of Cellulose Glycerol Ether as Intermediate of Energetic Binder
SHAO Zi-qiang, ZHANG You-de, WU Man-li and WANG Fei-jun, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(3):330~333

Abstract:To explore a gas chromatographic method to determinate molar substitution (MS) of cellulose glycerol ether (GEC) as intermediate of energetic binder，GEC was decomposed to isopropyl iodide by HI at 150 ℃ under acid condition，and the products were determined by GC-MS. The reaction mechanisms were inferred. By means of determination of isopropyl iodide in reaction products with GC，the content of dihydroxypropyloxy in GEC and MS of GEC were calculated. Results show that the MS of three GEC samples are 0.375，0.425 and 0.531 respectively，and RSD are less than 0.2%，and recovery rate are more than 96%. Compared with the ways of chemical titration and element analysis (EA)，the GC method can be used to determinate the MS of GEC and others of hydroxyalkyl cellulose ethers with a good reproducibility and high accuracy.

227. Application of Uniform Design in Infrared Extinction Performance of Red Phosphorus Smoke Agent
ZHOU Ming-shan,XU Ming,SHEN Rui-qi,MIN Jun and LI Cheng-jun, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(3):353~356

Abstract:Uniform design was used to optimize the formula design of red phosphorus smoke agent. The four-component-formula and five-component-formula of red phosphorus smoke agent were obtained by regression analysis. The optimal formula were as follows: four-component-formula (coated red phosphorus 87%，KClO4 5.9%，Mg 2.5%，fluorine rubber 4.6%); five-component-formula (red phosphorus 68.8%，KNO3 14%，Mg 8.9%，chlorinated paraffin 3.8%，fluorine rubber 4.5%). Results show that the infrared transmittance in 8-14 μm of two formula of red phosphorus smoke agent were 12.81% and 11.92% when the relative humidity is 48% and mass concentration is 1 g•m-3

228. Review on Application of Isotope Tracing Technique in the Investigation of Synthetic Mechanism and Biodegradation of HMX
LI Qing-xia, WANG Peng, MENG Zi-hui, MENG Wen-jun, LOU Zhong-liang and SONG Hong-yan, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(3):369~373

Abstract:The synthesis of isotope labeled cyclotetramethylenetetramine (HMX) and its precursor，and the application of isotope tracing technique in the synthesis of HMX by acetic anhydride method and non-acetic anhydride method were summarized. The application of isotope tracing technology in the biodegradation process of energetic contaminants were also introduced. The study shows that HMX prepared from the acetic anhydride method tends to restructuring mechanism; HMX prepared from the TAT and DADN method is more inclined to the step-by-step degradation mechanism. HMX-14C can be used for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of biological degradation products accurately.

229. Preparation and Properties of Silicone Adhesive for UV Curing
ZHOU Yuan-lin,YANG Wen-bin and QIAO Xiu-fen, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(3):380~0

Abstract:Silicone prepolymer for UV curing with C=C side group was prepared by hydrosilylation reaction of PHMS and HDDA in toluene using isopropanol solution of H2PtCl6 as a catalyst. The silicone prepolymer was characterized by FTIR and HNMR

230. Dynamic Enzyme Degradation and Characterization of Bacterial Cellulose/RDX Composite
CHEN Yan, DU Yan-fang, LUO Qing-ping, NIE Fu-de, PEI Chong-hua and LIU Chang-bo, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(4):408~411

Abstract:The factors affecting dynamic enzyme degradation of bacterial cellulose/RDX (BC/RDX) composite were investigated and the optimum conditions were obtained by orthogonal experiments. The pre- and post-degradation materials were characterized by SEM, FTIR and XRD. The results show that the degradation of the composite subsequently decreases with the content of the composite,the concentration of enzyme and temperature,but the influences of all the factors are not significant(F<F0.05). For 1.00 g BC/RDX composite，the optimum conditions for dynamic enzyme degradation are 0.7% of enzyme degradation concentration at 40 ℃ and 5.0 of pH value for 25 h. The morphology and structure of BC in the composite are decomposed partly or completely by enzyme,but the degradation of the composite has no any influence on the property of RDX in the composite.

231. Temperature-humidity-load Accelerating Age Tests of PBX
YAN Xi-lin, LI Jing-ming, ZHOU Yang, LI Ming and ZHOU Xiao-yu, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(4):412~414

Abstract:The temperature-humidity environmental tests under 5 MPa axial compression stress were applied to polymer bonded explosive (PBX). Results show that the mechanical properties of the explosive change obviously after the tests. The explosive density has no change under the conditions of 45 ℃, 65%RH, 5 MPa, while it decreases obviously under the conditions of 60 ℃, 80%RH, 5 MPa. In addition, the modulus and the compressive strength all decrease obviously in the early aging time after the temperature-humidity-load accelerating age tests，but they have no obvious change as the aging time goes on.

232. Preparation of Nanometer NiB/Al Composite and Its Thermal Catalysis Effect on AP Decomposition
YANG Yi, PAN Zhen-hua, LI Li-xia, LI Yu-bing and CAO Xin-fu, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(4):446~450

Abstract:Nanometer NiB amorphous alloy and nanometer NiB/Al composite were prepared by chemical reduction. XRD, TEM and SEM were used to analyze the crystal structure and microstructure of the nanometer catalysts. Results show that the nanometer NiB particles are amorphous alloy with 20-30 nm in diameter, and the nanometer NiB particles of the NiB/Al composite are coated on the Al particles uniformly and compactly in amorphous alloy form with 40-60 nm in diameter. The DTA results show that the amount of the catalysts has great catalysis effect on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP). Based on the fitting results, the theory optimal amount of simplex nanometer NiB alloy and its composite are 8.91% and 7.93%, while the corresponding high temperature decomposition of AP can be decreased to 407.34 ℃ and 389.98 ℃, respectively. Furthermore, the NiB nanocomposite shows much better catalysis on AP/HTPB(hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene)solid propellant thermal decomposition. The nanocomposite catalyst makes the high temperature decomposition of AP/HTPB propellant decreased by 12.2 ℃ lower than that of simplex nanometer NiB alloy,and the combination tendency of the thermal decomposition peaks of the propellant are much more obvious.

233. The Binary Phase Diagram and Eutectic System for DNTF/PETN
REN Xiao-ning, HENG Shu-yun, SHAO Ying-hui, LIU Zi-ru, ZHANG Gao, HAN Fang and HAN Fang, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(4):455~458

Abstract:The liquefying and melting processes of the binary mixed system consisting of a new type of high energy density materials 3,4-dinitrofurazanfuroxan (DNTF) and pentaerythritol (PETN) were studied by pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC). On the basis of PDSC characteristic values of DNTF/PETN systems with various mass ratios,the phase diagrams of liquefying temperature (T) versus composition (X) and apparent fusion heat (H) versus composition (X) were constructed. Results show that the compositions of the eutectic system of DNTF/PETN are obtained to be 68.20/31.80 (molar fraction) from the T-X phase diagram, and to be 67.93/32.07(molar fraction) from the H-X phase diagram, respectively. The eutectic temperature is measured to be 95.7 ℃ by PDSC

234. Measurement of Detonation Velocity of Industrial Explosive Using Continuous Detonation Velocity Method
XU Sen, TANG Shuang-ling and LIU Da-bin, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(4):467~469

Abstract:The average detonation velocity and continuous detonation velocity of powdery emulsion explosive and emulsion explosive were measured respectively by electrometric method and continuous velocity probe. Results show that, for powdery emulsion explosive with the charge density of 850 kg•m-3 and 820 kg•m-3, the average detonation velocities are 4526 m•s-1 and 4020 m•s-1; the corresponding continuous detonation velocity ranges are 4300-4600 m•s-1 and 4000-4300 m•s-1 during the stable detonation phase. For emulsion explosive with the charge density of 900 kg•m-3 and 840 kg•m-3, the average detonation velocities are 4384 m•s-1 and 2345 m•s-1; the corresponding continuous velocity ranges are 3370-4592 m•s-1 and 2871-3420 m•s-1. The detonation velocity measured by the continuous velocity probe method is in accord with the detonation velocity measured by the traditional electrometric method, and the continuous velocity probe method can even give the true course of detonation development for industrial explosive.

235. Optimum Design Method of the Accelerated Storage Life Test for Pyrotechnics Based on Activation Energy
ZHAO Wan and HAN Tian-long, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(4):475~477

Abstract:Aiming at the one-off characteristics of pyrotechnics, an optimum design method of the accelerated storage life test was advanced based on its activation energy. The accelerated coefficient formula were deduced on the basis of Arrhenius equation and the activation energy of pyrotechnics was calculated. Then the end time of the test was estimated. This method puts forward a new idea to reduce the uncertainty in the test design.

236. Structure Characterization and Performance Estimate for Thermal Solidified RDX Explosive by μCT
ZHANG Wei-bin, HUANG Hui, TIAN Yong, ZONG He-hou, DAI Bin and GUAN Li-feng, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(4):499~500

Abstract:The inner structure characteristic of RDX base thermal solidified explosive was studied by μCT technology and its performance was estimated.

237. Reaction Mechanism of Forming Pore in HTPB/ADN Propellants
XU Hui-xiang, PANG Wei-qiang,LI Yong-hong, ZHANG Nan-nan and WANG Xiao-hong, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(5):505~509

Abstract:In order to reveal the reasons of forming pore in hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene/ammonium dinitramide/ammonium perchlorate/aluminium (HTPB/ADN/AP/Al) composite propellants, a series of propellant samples containing ADN and triethanolamine (TEA), triethanolamine trifluoroboron complex (T-313), tris(2-methylaziridinyl)phosphine oxide(MAPO), isophthaloyl-bis-(2-methylaziridine) (HX-752) were prepared, and the components of reacting with ADN and forming pore were confirmed,and the reaction mechanism was analyzed by DSC/TG-IR/MS. Results show that there are no pores in the propellant samples containing curing agents such as toluene diisocyanate(TDI), isophrone diisocyanate(IPDI) and ethanolamine bonding agents such as TEA,T-313 respectively, but the pores are formed in the samples containing aziridine bonding agents MAPO and HX-752. It is proved by DSC that there is a strong interaction between ADN and MAPO, which decreases the temperature of the main decomposition peak of ADN by about 99.7 ℃. When the mixture of ADN and MAPO (mass ratio 1:1) was heated continuously at 50 ℃ for 2 h, the gasous products N2O and NO2 are formed and detected by mass spectrum. It is considered that the aziridine bonding agents can accelerate the decomposition of ADN, which form pores in the propellants.

238. Nitration of 2,6-Diacetamidopyridine -1-oxide with N2O5/Solvents Catalyzed by TMPSHSO4
CHENG Jian, YAO Qi-zheng, DONG Yan and LIU Zu-liang, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(5):534~536

Abstract:2,6-Diamino-3,5-dinitropyridine-1-oxide(ANPyO) was synthesized from nitration of 2,6-diacetamidopyridine-1-oxide(DAPO) with N2O5/solvents and N,N,N -trimethyl- N -propanesulfonic acid ammonium hydrogen sulfate (TMPSHSO4) as the nitrating agent and catalyst. The effects of reaction solvent,temperature and time on the yield of ANPyO were studied. The optimal reaction conditions were obtained: reaction solvent is CH3NO2; reaction temperature is 60 ℃; reaction time is 5 h; the yield of product is 92.5%. The structure of ANPyO were characterized by 1H NMR, IR and MS.

239. The Complex Behavior of HMX and DMF
TIAN Hong-yuan, ZHANG Gao, WANG Min-chang, LI Xiao-yu and WANG Ming, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(5):541~543

Abstract:The complex behavior of HMX and DMF was studied by FTIR, 1H NMR and XRD methods. Results show that the complex HMX (DMF) is formed in which molecule ratio of HMX and DMF is 1:1 . Complex behavior occurs in the carbonyl of DMF and the —CH2 groups of HMX. The crystal of the complex is different from that of HMX and the complex is a new material phase.

240. Study on Dynamic Vacuum Stability Test Method (Ⅰ)
ZHANG Tong-lai, HU Xiao-chun, YANG Li, LI Kun-yuan, ZHANG Jian-guo, WANG Wen-jie and WANG Li-qiong, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(5):549~553

Abstract:In order to study the stability, compatibility, storage life and the decomposition mechanism of the energetic materials, a new test method named dynamic vacuum stability test (DVST) was established based on the principle of vacuum stability test method. The related instrument was set up with all internal-planted pressure sensor and temperature sensor in the test tube. The changes of the pressure and temperature of the tested samples can be detected real-time directly with the instrument. So the materials can be investigated continuously online. It provides a more accurate result of the stability for the tested materials after proper analysis of the acquired data from the instrument.

241. Evaluation Method of Synthetic Sensitivity of Explosive
ZHU Zheng-fu, LI Chang-fu, WU Kun and DONG Ming-shu, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(5):612~615

Abstract:The radar graph method was used to analyze the synthetic sensitivity of explosive. Based on eccentricity modification, a modified radar graph method was introduced,which was a new method to evaluate the synthetic sensitivity of explosive. The synthetic sensitivities of 21 kinds of explosives were evaluated by the modified radar graph method and compared with the data from BAZ-1 method. Analysis results show that the modified graph method has a higher resolution to evaluate the synthetic sensitivity of explosive.

242. Fractal Growth of RDX
CUI Cai-ping, HUANG Hui, DUAN Xiao-hui, ZENG Gui-yu, MA Yong-jun and PEI Chong-hua, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(6):660~663

Abstract:The RDX with fractal structures was prepared by the evaporation of solvent on glass substrate, and was characterized by scanning electronic microscope (SEM). The effects of solution concentration of RDX and surfactant on the fractal structure were studied. The formation mechanism for fractal structure of RDX was discussed. Results show that the different fractal structure of RDX can be obtained by means of non-equilibrium crystallization on glass substrate. The dendritic growth of RDX occurs with low concentration of RDX 16 mg•mL-1), while the random fractal growth occurs with high concentration of RDX (26 mg•mL-1). The influence of the surfactant of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride on the morphology of RDX is obviously.

243. On Predicting Effective Elastic Modulus of PBX by Modified Hashin-Shtrikman Model
JING Shi-ming, LI Ming and LONG Xin-ping, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(6):664~667

Abstract:Polymer bonded explosives are composites containing elastic energetic particles in a viscoelastic binder. The volume fraction of the elastic particles in PBX is normally greater than 80%, therefore using the classical analytical meso-mechanics model (Hashin-Shtrikman) to estimate the effective elastic modulus of TATB-based PBX is quite inaccurate. A new term named “interface bonding parameter” which contains the density of the bulk PBXs was promoted and a modified model of Hashin-Shtrikman was obtained. The samples with different densities were prepared, and their elastic modulus was measured, and the modified coefficients of the model were obtained to be 0.813（ρ/ρ0）8.64or 0.296（ρ/ρ0）8.68. The elastic modulus was calculated by the classical Hashin-Shtrikman model and by the modified model respectively. It shows that the modified model with “interface bonding parameter” can give more accurate results compared to that with the classical Hashin-Shtrikman model. The effective elastic modulus decays exponential with the decreasing of TATB-based PBX density, and the effective bulk modulus and the effective shear modulus are influenced by density to the same degree,and the exponents are about 8.6. The predicting and the experimental results are only 1% apart. It proves that the modified Hashin-Shtrikman can be used to predict the effective modulus of double-composition PBXs.

244. Pressing Damage of RDX-based Polymer Bonded Explosive
LIANG Hua-qiong, YONG Lian, TANG Chang-liang, CHEN Xue-ping and HUANG Jiao-hu, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(6):713~716

Abstract:The interfaces between RDX and binder are easily debonded because of improper bonding choice and pressing process conditions. The RDX-based polymer bonded explosives(PBXs) with F2311 and acrylonitrile-acrylate respectively were pressed by steel to study the pressing damage mechanisms. Results show that proper pressing conditions decrease the pressing damage in the shaping samples. The proper bonding improves the properties of the shaping samples. When acrylonitrile-acrylate is used in shaping RDX-based explosives, the properties of the samples are better than that of samples with F2311.

245. Mechanical Properties of GAP/HTPB Blend Binders
NI Bing, QIN Guang-ming and RAN Xiu-lun, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(2):167~173

Abstract:Glycidyl azido polymer (GAP) was modified with hydroxy terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) to improve the mechanical properties of GAP. Effects of different reaction conditions on mechanical properties of blend binders were discussed. Static tensile test results show synergy effect on mechanical properties of blend binders, and tensile strength and maximum elongation could reach 3.833 MPa and 593% while weight ratio of GAP and HTPB is 1:1. Tanδ-T curve from dynamic thermomechanical analysis shows single glass transition temperature near -60.2 ℃, implying that reactive compatibilization of immiscible GAP/HTPB blend binders could be got by controlling the curing reaction conditions. Micromorphology of GAP/HTPB blend binders displayed in SEM photos formed corroborating with the former two conclusions. In a word, HTPB/GAP blend binders with excellent mechanical properties possessed a good prospect for applications of GAP in composite solid propellents.

246. Effects of DNTF Contents on Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Modified Double-base Propellant
LI Liang-liang, WANG Jiang-ning and LIU Zi-ru, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(2):174~179

Abstract:The effects of 3,4-dinitrofurzanfuroxan (DNTF) contents on dynamic mechanical properties of modified double-base propellants (DNTF-CMDB, DF) were studied by dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). The characteristic values of dynamic mechanical properties at multi-frequency for DF propellants were obtained. Results show that two β-relaxations, besides a α-relaxation, appear on DMA curves of DF propellants, and β1-relaxation is due to the effect of DNTF. It is shown that the DNTF content can obviously affect the dynamic mechanical properties of DF propellants. The correlations between the tanδ peak temperature Tα in the α -relaxation, the free volume expansion coefficients αf of α -relaxation and β-relaxation and the sum of ratios NG/NC and DNTF/NC were obtained. The DF propellants with 20% DNTF have optimal mechanical properties at high and low temperatures

247. Service Life of RB Nitramine Propellant
LIAO Xin, DU Ping and WANG Ze-shan, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(2):188~191

Abstract:In order to predict the service life of propellant exactly, data change of mechanical properties was used to estimate ageing failure of propellant. Adopting the method of heat-accelerated ageing test, the relationship between the mechanical properties including impact strength, compression strength and compressibility and ageing time and temperature were studied. Results show that the decline of mechanical properties of polymer materials caused by ageing, decay will not influence the safety service of RB nitramine propellant, and the service life of RB nitramine propellant exceeds its safety storage life obviously.

248. Review on Ageing of I-RDX and I-RDX Based PBX
GAO Xiao-min and HUANG Ming, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(2):236~240

Abstract:The ageing research of insensitive RDX (I-RDX) and polymer bonded explosive (PBX) were reviewed. The crystal characteristics of RDX and evaluation methods, and the crystal characteristics and impact sensitivities of I-RDX and I-RDX based PBX before and after aging were summarized. The impact sensitivities of I-RDX crystal without cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) or with a little HMX, or with blending some HMX, have no evident change. Influence mechanism of HMX in I-RDX crystal was discussed.

249. Catalytic Effect of NiC2O4•2H2O on Thermal Decomposition of TEGDN/NC Propellant
WEI Wen-xian, JIANG Xiao-hong and LU Lu-de, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(3):273~277

Abstract:Nickel oxalate dihydrate (NiC2O4•2H2O) was prepared by coprecipitation method using nickel nitrate and oxalic acid as the raw materials. The product was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD),scanning electron microscopy (SEM),laser granularity measurement device,elemental analysis,Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry and TG-DTG analysis. Its catalytic effect on the thermal decomposition of TEGDN/NC propellant was studied via thermogravimetry-mass (TG-MS) coupling technique. The results show that the product contains crystal water,and its molecular formula is NiC2O4•2H2O. The product has good dispersion and its average particle size is 15.97 μm. NiC2O4•2H2O loses crystal water at the range of 180-250 ℃ and then decomposes at higher temperature. TG-MS analysis shows that adding 2% NiC2O4•2H2O can accelerate the thermal decomposition of TEGDN/NC propellant and accelerate the generation of gaseous products. The integral intensities of ion currents were calculated,and it is found that the generation amount of HCHO is obviously increased during the thermal decomposition process.

250. Solubility of TNT in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
WEN Li-qun, ZHANG Tong-lai and QIN Qing-feng, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(3):278~281

Abstract:The UV-Vis absorbance data of TNT/acetone,TNT/toluene and TNT/acetonitrile with different concentrations were measured. Acetonitrile was used as recrystallizing solvent,and the solubility of TNT in supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-CO2) was tested at 303,308,313,318, 323 K and at pressure range of 10-25 MPa. The relationship of concentration and absorbance of TNT/acetonitrile solution at 248 nm wavelength was established. The results show that the solubility of TNT in SC-CO2 decreases with increasing of the temperature at the pressure (less than 15 MPa). However,it will increases with increasing of the temperature at high pressure (more than15 MPa). TNT has a high solubility in SC-CO2 and its value can get up to 14 mg TNT per gram of CO2.

251. Bulk Density of Different Sizes of Agglomerated Boron Particles
PANG Wei-qiang and FAN Xue-zhong, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(3):304~308

Abstract:After the agglomerated boron particles were sieved,the loose and the tap bulk densities for different sizes of agglomerated boron particles were determined,and the microstructures of agglomerated boron particles were obtained by scanning electrical microscope. Results show that the diameter of boron particles and the loose and tap bulk density increase after agglomerated for amorphous boron powder,and both of the loose bulk density and tap bulk density decrease firstly and then increase when the diameters of agglomerated boron particles decrease. The tap bulk density is the smallest when the diameter of agglomerated boron particles is in the range of 0.25-0.30 mm,meanwhile,the tap bulk density is the biggest when the diameter of agglomerated boron particles is in the range of d≤0.104 mm,and the loose bulk density is the smallest when the diameter of agglomerated boron particles is in the range of 0.30-0.84 mm,at the same time,the tap bulk density increases faster than the loose bulk density.

252. Humidity-heat Combination Stress Aging Behavior of NEPE Propellants
CHI Xu-hui,PENG Song, PANG Ai-min,ZHANG Shi-ping and WU Feng-jun, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(3):309~315

Abstract: NEPE propellant has been exposed to different temperature and humidity environment. Mechanical properties,gel fraction and content of stabilizers have been measured to investigate humidity-heat combination aging characteristic of the propellant. Results show that the humidity-heat aging of NEPE propellants is expressed as a combination of physical aging and chemical aging. The physical aging is in character of humidity aging: mechanical properties change rapidly at first and then slowly as time extending,finaly trend to fixed values. The chemical aging is in character of heat aging: there is a plateau of mechanical properties at the beginning,then a rapid drop succeeds to,and a low plat roof appears in the end. There are cooperative effects in humidity-heat combination stress aging: humidity accelerates chemical aging,and temperature increases depth and velocity of the physical aging. The basic chemical characteristic of heat-humidity aging of NEPE propellants is similar to that of heat aging. But humidity accelerates the depletion of stabilizers and the decomposition of binder network. Namely,humidity decreases apparent active energy of heat aging.

253. Fragility of NEPE Propellant
LI Jun, ZHAO Xiao-bin, WANG Chen-xue and GUAN Hong-bo, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(3):320~323

Abstract:In order to study the fragility of NEPE propellant,a simulation device was adopted to test NEPE propellant samples which impacted target at different velocities. The damaged samples were tested in closed bomb and the burning performances of the damaged samples were analyzed. Results show that the maximum pressure rising rate and burning rate of NEPE propellant samples increase with increasing of damaged situation. The NEPE propellant samples firstly burn,and then detonate,when the impact velocity is more than 192 m•s-1.

254. Sensitivity Performances of Several Typical Solid Propellants
QIN Neng, LIAO Lin-quan, FAN Hong-jie and LI Jun-qiang, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(3):324~329

Abstract: Through deflagration-to-detonation transition(DDT) test,detonator sensitivity test and shock sensitivity test(gap gest),the sensitivity performances of three typical solid propellants,such as NEPE propellant,granule-cast CMDB propellant and screw-extruded CMDB propellant were studied. Results show that the NEPE propellant is sensitive to the detonator igniting,and three typical solid propellants are sensitive to the stimulation of the shock-wave,and there are deflagration-to-detonation transition in the small grain shape granule-cast CMDB propellant,and the interior of the sheet shape screw-extruded CMDB propellant and the NEPE propellant have the cavity. The experiments show that propellant's sensitivity performances have the close relationship with the propellant's composition (have or not have sensitive component),the charge shape (granule or pole) and the outside constraint condition (strong or weak confinement). Tests validate that solid propellant can also occur deflagration-to-detonation transition under some conditions.

255. Quantitative Analysis of Migrating Components in Interface of NEPE Propellant/Liner/Insulation
HUANG Zhi-ping, TAN Li-min, CAO Qing-wei and MA Xin-gang, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(3):330~334

Abstract:The main migrating components in the interfaces of standard Φ25 mm cylinder samples of nitrate ester plasticized polyether (NEPE) based propellant/hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) based liner/ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM) based insulation were quantified by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC). The results show that plasticizers of nitroglycerin (NG) and 1,2,4-butanetriol tri-nitrate (BTTN),as well as function reagent of AD,which are the main components migrating in the interface,are separated well simultaneously by HPLC,while plasticizer of dioctyl sebacate(DOS) is only found by GC. The recovery ratios of the established HPLC method for determination of NG,BTTN and AD,and GC method for determination of DOS are more than 90%,and the coefficients of variation are less than 6% for these components in the liner. The precision and accuracy of the methods are satisfied for common determination. The results show that NG,BTTN and AD in the propellant can migrate to the liner and insulation with more content in the liner,while AD migrates more obviously than NG and BTTN,and AD even concentrates in the liner. DOS in the liner only migrates to the insulation,not to the propellant

256. Sensitized Performances of Micropore Ball Propellants
LIU Yu-jun, LIN Xiang-yang, ZHENG Wen-fang, PAN Ren-ming and LI Sheng-you, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(3):343~347

Abstract:Micropore ball propellants were treated by sensitizing agents to improve their flame spread. The effects of variety and content of sensitizing agents on the thermal decomposition and the flame spread speed of micropore ball propellants were studied through dipping process. Results show that peak temperatures of thermal decomposition of the samples decrease obviously with different sensitizing agents. Sensitizing agent A has more effect on peak temperatures,and peak temperatures decrease from 203.1 ℃ to 199.5 ℃ as the content is 5%. The flame spread speed increases markedly with increasing of the content. The sensitized properties of additive agent C is more notable in the sensitizing agents. The flame spread speed increases 3 times as the content of sensitizing agents C is 5%. The increasing extent of flame spread speed of single base sample is higher than that of double base sample with the sensitizing agent A. The impact sensitivity does not change distinctly,but the friction sensitivity increases obviously when sensitizing agent A is introduced. The impact sensitivity increases not more than 10% when the content is less than 16%. The friction sensitivity increases from 58% to 98% as the content is less than 16%. The method for improving flame spread performance by adding sensitizing agent is effective. The content of sensitizing agent should be controlled to avoid the negative effect.

257. Effect of Surface Treatment on Burning Performance of Single-base Gun Propellant
DU Ping, LIAO Xin and WANG Ze-shan, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(3):348~350

Abstract:Using 5% multibenzylalkyl multiisocyanate acetone solution as surface-treating reagent,the surface of single-base gun propellant was treated synthetically by chemical and physical methods. The effect of this method on burning performance of single-base gun propellant was studied by constant-volume burning experiment. Results show that the burning performance of single-base gun propellant changes obviously after surface treatment by multibenzylalkyl multiisocyanate. The burning-gas releasing brisance and activity have increased at burning metaphase and anaphase,and which contributes to enhancing energy availability of gun propellant. The burning-gas releasing laws of surface-treated gun propellant accords with the needs of interior ballistics much better. The appropriate thickness of surface-treated layer of this method is about 45 μm,and the effects of controlling burning performances of gun propellant will be depressed by over many surface-treating.

258. Performance Improvement of Modified Single Base Propellant with a Special Compound
LIU Bo, WANG Qiong-lin, LIU Shao-wu, YU hui-fang, WEI Lun, LI Da, WANG Feng and ZHANG Yuan-bo, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(3):358~358

Abstract:The performance of the propellant were improved significantly through adding a special compound in course of the preparation of the modified single base propellant.