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Detonators, Boosters, and Explosives

1. Effect of Sealing Conditions on Fast Cook-off Response Properties of Passive RDX
ZHI Xiao-qi1, HU Shuang-qi1, XIAO Zhi-hua2, XU Shuang-pei1, LI Juan-juan1
1. School of Mechatronic Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
2. Shanxi Jiangyang Chemical Co., Ltd, Taiyuan 030041, China

Abstract: In order to assess vulnerability of booster explosive. Seven sealing types of cook-off bomb are designed. The cook-off tests of passive RDX cylinder with shells are used to study the response characters of passive RDX in different sealing conditions and to analyze principal factors affecting the characters. The result indicated that seal structure of shell is a vital effect factor to the cook-off response of passive RDX. In same conditions, along with sealing degree getting from strong to weak, the response of passive RDX increases, considering that the sealing condition affects vulnerability of booster explosive and reducing vulnerability of booster explosive to made a leak for the shells is an important method.

2. Experimental Study on the Dynamic Response of Booster Explosive JH-14C under Impact Load
ZHANG Zi-min, XU Bi-ying, ZHONG Kai, YUAN Baohui
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The dynamic response performance of booster explosive JH-14C under different strain-rate(from 1400s-1 to 4000s-1) impact over-loading is studied by using the split Hopkinson pressure bar technique. The macro failure-forms of booster explosive JH-14C and failure-modes of the recovery specimen are observed and analyzed by SEM and corresponding stress-strain curves are obtained. Results indicate that the stress-strain curves of booster explosive JH-14C exhibit distinct strain-rate effect, and failure-stress increase as the increase of strain-rate, but failure-strain keep invariant.

3. Relation between Plasma Ignition Energr and Some Chemical Characteristics of Primary Explosives
DING Wei-xing1, ZHANG Ning2
1. Engineering Institute of Engineer Corps, PL University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210007, China
2. Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: The relation between semiconductor bridge(SCB) plasma ignition energy and some chemical characteristics of primary explosives including lead azide(LA), lead styphnate(LTNR), nickel hydrazine azide(NHA), nickel hydrazine nitrate(NHN), tetrazene(Tz) and lead picrate(LP) are investigated. The result indicates that there is no direct relation between plasma ignition energy and activation energy of explosives. It shows that correlation coefficient is 81% between plasma energy and the temperature of LTNR, NHA, Tz and LP when the reaction conversion degree is 5%. However, the correlation is deteriorated as all the six explosives are considered. As for the relation between plasma energy and critical temperature of those six compounds, the correlation is better when the heat reaction is modified and the coefficient is 0.82, illuminating that there exist connection among plasma ignition energy and explosive characteristics, especial critical temperature.

4. Preparation and Properties of LLM-105/EPDM Molding Powders
DONG Jun, WANG Jing-yu, LIANG Lei, LI Dan, AN Chong-wei
Chemical and Environment Institute of North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: Selecting EPDM(ethylene propylene diene monomer)as binder and 2, 6-diamino-3, 5-dinitropyrazine(LLM-105)as main explosive, the molding powders composed of EPDM and LLM-105 were prepared by solution-water suspension method and pressed into booster charges. SEM was employed to characterize the raw and coated sample, and the mechanical sensitivities, thermal decomposition characteristics, thermal stability and detonation velocity were measured and analyzed. The results show that compared with that of raw LLM-105 and traditional booster explosive, the mechanical sensitivities of molding powders are decreased to certain extent, and their thermal stability is improved significantly. The detonation velocity of booster charge with density of 1.518g•cm-3 reach 7915m/s.

5. Preparation and Characterization of Membranous RDX/SiO_2 Booster
WANG Jin-ying1, JIANG Xia-bing1, ZHANG Jing-lin1, CHEN Jian-shen2
1. Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environment, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
2. Jiang-yang Chemical Industry Limited Company of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030041, China

Abstract: The white, sub-transparent membranous RDX/SiO2 booster was prepared with pulley and manual spin coating methods by adding sequentially the definite solution of N, N-dimethylformamide(DMF)dissolving RDX and that of water dissolving polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)in the process of the silica(SiO2)sol transformation into the gel. The SEM results indicate that the spherical, blocklike and strip RDX crystals with three-dimensional sizes in the range of 0.3-1.0μm are dispersed within the frames of nano-silica. Compared with the mixture of RDX doped SiO2(RDX-SiO2)at same conditions, the impact and friction sensitivities of the membranous RDX/SiO2 composite both decrease obviously. The measured detonation velocity of the membranous composite shows that the performance of booster is mainly affected by the thickness and particle size of the composite especially at low charge density.

6. Determination of the HMX Content in Booster JO-9CⅠ
WANG Jin-ying, JIANG Xia-bing, ZHANG Jing-lin
School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051

Abstract: An optimizng chemical analysis method was used to analyze the component of a certa in batch of booster JO-9CⅠ. The experiment results indicate that: the consumption of acetic ester, the mass fraction of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) solution and alkali hydrolyse time have some effect on analytical results. When the mass ratio of acetic ester/booster JO-9CⅠis 5-5.5, the mass ratio of alkali solution(definited concentration)/booster JO9CⅠ keep at 90-100, and hydrolyse time is shortened to 4 h, the parallel misalignment of results is smaller, and the continuous stability of experiment data are better than that of ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometriy. The content of HMX in booster JO-9CⅠ is determined more accurately by optimizing analytical method.

7. Experimental Study on Continuous Detonation Velocity of Modified ANFO
XU Sen1, 2, TANG Shuang-ling1, 2, LIU Da-bin1, 2, WANG Jian-ling3
1. Chemical School of Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
2. National Quality Supervision Testing Center for Industrial Explosive Materials, Nanjing 210094, China
3. Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The continuous velocity probe was chosen to study the continuous detonation velocity and detonation development of modified ANFO under different ignition conditions. The experimental results show that, for modified ANFO with the different conditions of priming, which were: detonator/160g booster charge, detonator/160 g booster charge/PMMA spacer and only detonator itself, the stationary detonation velocities are 4569, 4496, 4559 m/s, respectively, and the run distance to detonation under such ignition conditions are 3.5, 7.3 and 20 cm, respectively, the corresponding time of detonation development are 0.01, 0.025 and 0.06 ms. The energy of priming explosive is larger, the time of detonation development and run distance to detonation of modified ANFO are shortened, namely, the modified ANFO is easier to become steady detonation.

8. Study on Preparation Process of ε-HNIW Booster Explosive by Water Slurry Method
CHEN Jian, WANG Jing-yu, WANG Bao-guo, HUANG Hao
School of chemical Engineering and Environment, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: In order to obtain high-performance, low-sensitivity booster explosive, HNIW was used as the base explosive to make ε-HNIW booster explosive by water slurry method. The orthogonal experiment for optimizing process was designed, and main factors affecting the coating effect were investigated through single factor tests. FT-IR, SEM and impact sensitivity testing methods were used to characterize the coated samples. The result indicated that the order of influencing factors for coating effect was as follows: temperature, agitating rate, the adding rate, the degree of vacuum. The optimized technical condition was experiment temperature 70℃, the degree of vacuum 0.05 MPa, agitating rate 700 r • min-1, the adding rate 0.725 ml • s-1. The structure of crystal didn′t change in the coating process and the value of characteristic height H50 of coated samples was higher than that of ε-CL-20 by 27 cm.

9. Detonation Transfer Reliability Test Method for Interlayer Initiation Train
WEN Shang-gang
Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics Research, Institute ofFluid Physics, CAEP, Mianyang Sichuan 621900, China

Abstract: Various probable factors affecting the detonation transfer performances of interlayer initiation train were analyzed. Combing with the characteristics of two interlayer initiation trains with different shape, a test method of evaluating the detonation transfer reliability was presented. By means of this method, the reliability of one interlayer initiation train initiating main charge was evaluated, and the satisfactory results were obtained. The analysis results obtained from reliability test methods are useful to design interlayer initiation train or to evaluate the reliability of this train.

10. Design and Application of Flyer Velocity Model Accelerated by Electric Exploding Foil
ZENG Qing-xuan1, 2, ZHAO Yan1, 2, LIANG Qi1, 2, YUAN Shi-wei2
1. School of Aerospace Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology
2. National Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: Based on the non-linear resistance model of foils in the process of explosion, a theoretical model for the electric-power of exploding foils was given. According to some of LLNL experimental velocities of flyers, the ratio of energy for accelerating flyers to that absorbed by foils was estimated, i. E. Pre-burst β1≈9.9×10-3, and post-burst β2≈8.6×10-3. The model of electric-power with energy conversion coefficient was applied to the one-dimension hydrodynamic code. And the position and velocity histories of flyers driven by exploding foils were simulated by this code. The calculated deviations of the flyer velocity lie in ±8% for LLNL experimental data. The simulated curves of flyer velocity history coincide well with those of VISAR measurement.

11. Effect of Oxygen Balance of Propellant on Muzzle Flash
HE Zeng-di, LIU You-ping, HE Li-ming, XIAO Zhong-liang
School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: The combustible gas concentration in combustion products of propellant with different oxygen balance was calculated by using minimum free energy method. The combustible gas composition of the propellant concentration was analyzed by closed-bomb and gas chromatography. The photographs of muzzle flash were taken by high speed camera. The area, diameter and photo density of muzzle flash on photographs were analyzed. The results show that with rising the propellant oxygen balance the combustible gas concentration and the area, the diameter and the photo density of muzzle flash are reduced. In particular condition, increasing oxygen balance of propellant can effectively reduce muzzle flash phenomena.

12. Design of the Transient Ignition Installation and Its Testing System
DUAN Yun, ZHANG Qi
State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: To study the ignition sensitivity of explosive under the outside effect and evaluate the security of use. A transient ignition devices based on high-voltagean discharge and an ignition energy test system based oscillography DPO5054 are designed. Through igniting the fuel air explosive(FAE), the ignition energy of 2.443J of fifty percent is obtained. This offered a new method for exactly testing the ignition energy of the sample.

13. Establishment of Semiconductor Bridge Ignition Model and Its Numerical Simulation
LIU Ming-fang, ZHANG Xiao-bing
School of Power and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: Through analysis of input energy of the semiconductor bridge ignition circuit, considering that when the input energy is bigger than critical energy E, the ignition of the semiconductor bridge is the plasma ignition based on the physics of semiconductor and the non-Fourier heat conduction theory. The mathematic-physical model was established and analyzed using the numerical analysis method. The distribution curves affecting the ignition delay time by the input energy, pellet radius, plasma temperature are obtained. The curves show the feasibility and the rationality of the established model.

14. Experimental Study on the Electric Performance of Detonator Components Used in a Nuclear Warehead

FEI Ji-you~1, LI Ya-rong~1, ZHU Man-lin~2
1. College of Mechanical Engineer , Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China
2. The Second Artillery Engineering College, Xi'an 710025, China

Abstract: To examine the electric performance of detonator components used in a nuclear warehead stored for several decades, the research on the electric performance experiment was carried out by using the same term storing detonator unit. The experiment adopted a GSJ high speed video camera and same spark detonator synchronous explosive device. The results show that the stored detonators still have good performance of fire abilities, high degree of security capability, and synchronous dispersibility that is little than 0.4 μs, and the performance can satisfy the demand of blasting normal.

15. Measurement of the Signal Transmittance of Solid Propellant Plume with Smoke-box Method
ZHANG Jin-min, YUAN Hua, HE Tie-shan, LIU Jun-feng
The 42nd Institute of the Fourth Academy of CASC, Xiangfan 441003, China

Abstract: A signal (including visible light, near-mid-far infrared radiation) transmittance measuring system and a smoke-box were studied and established to evaluate the signature of solid propellant formulation base on the framework of SCF (Signature Characterization Facility). In order to validate this system, a number of tests performed by adopting different propellant formulations under different experimental conditions. The result shows that the testing accuracy of the system is less than 3%. Based on the experimental data, a standard to characterize the signals transmittance of primary and secondary smoke has been established. The results indicate that the signal transmittance decreases with increasing the content of Al powder for primary smoke and closely relates to the content of AP in propellant formulation for secondary smoke, and the occurrence of secondary smoke is related to the temperature and humidity in the smoke -box.

16. Properties of the Supplying Power System for the Flyer-initiating Device
TAN Ying-xin, ZHANG Jing-lin, TAN Ru-mei
Environment and Safety Engineering Department, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: The function of the supplying power system for the flyer-initiating device is studied. The working principle of the supplying power system is analyzed in theory. By using the Rogowski coil, the electrical parameters of the power system are tested. The curves of the short circuit discharge and resistant circuit discharge are recorded by oscillograph. The circuit parameters of the system obtained are T2.0μs, L≤82nH and R≤47mΩ. The working time of explosion foil is 1.8μs. These data indicate that this system can be used as a supply power device for the flyer-initiating device.

17. Experimental Studies on Velocity Measurement of Mylar Flyer Driven by Exploding Metal Foils with VISAR
DENG Xiang-yang, PENG Qi-xian, ZHAO Jian-heng, WANG Gui-ji, LIU Jun, TAN Fu-li, TANG Xiao-song
Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Mianyang Sichuan 621900, China

Abstract: In order to improve the design of exploding foil initiation systems, the velocity of Mylar flyer driven by the exploding foil was measured by VISAR. The principle of VISAR and the experimental setup and the measuring method of determining the velocity of Mylar flyer were introduced. The velocity history of Mylar flyer was given at different charging voltages and various exploding bridge sizes. The discharge circuit parameter, electromagnetic interference, emitting light from shock and reflectivity affecting velocity measurement were discussed. The velocity measurement precision influenced by the deformation of Mylar flyer was estimated. Some problems that affect velocity measurement were solved and some important techniques for velocity measurement of Mylar flyer were obtained. Velocity measurement of Mylar flyer by VISAR was successfully obtained.

18. Study of UP Coating Double Based Propellants with DNT
CAO Ji-ping, LI Dong-lin, WANG Ji-gui
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The curing mechanism of unsaturated polyester resin(UPR) and the inhibition mechanism of DNT to UPR were studied. A coating method was designed. Two composite primers DT-1 and DT-2 were developed and used to double base propellant containing DNT. The results show that the obstruction property of DT-1 is better than that of DT-2, but its adhesiveness with UPR was poor. The DT-2 has good adhesiveness with propellant but its obstruction property is not good. Under the conditions of using the DT-1/DT-2 mixture, and taking the exposure time of 180min and jelling time of up 110 min, the adherence of UP to some propellant containing DNT is very good. The adhesion strength of the sample obtained by the ring shearing test is 6.83MPa and the breaking point is not on interface, showing that the coating method can meat the requirement of adhering the propellant charge.

19. The Development of Two-directional Energy-focusing Cutter and its Application for Fore-splitting Blasting
ZHOU Yao~(1, 2), LI Xiao-lin~3, TONG Yan-jun~3, WANG Ze-shan~
1. Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
2. China North Industries Group Corporation, Beijing 100821, China
3. Beijing Norcin-tech Corporation, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: The ordinary linear energy-focusing cutters, which contain dynamite as detonator, can not meet the requirements for fore-splitting and smoothing blasting in demolishes engineering. So a tow-directional energy-focusing cutter, in which an industry dynamite with low-cost and low detonation velocity has been adopted to form main detonator, and two high explosive strips are adopted to form supporting detonator to boost up main detonator to produce strong focusing gas and metal shoot, has been designed and fabricated. This two-directional cutter has been actually used in demolish engineering for fore-splitting and smoothing blasting. The results have indicated that this new type of cutter has high performance and is convenient for using in demolishes engineering.

20. Design and Experiments of Aft-ignition for Small Solid Rocket Motor
ZHANG Qiu-fang~(1, 2), WANG Ning-fei~3, TIAN Wei-ping~2
1. Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China
2. The 41st Institute of the Fourth Academy of China Aerospace Science & Technology Corporation, Xi'an 710025 China
3. Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: According to the igniter design of similar solid rocket motors, celluloid was adopted as the igniter case and black powder as the amorce. Ignition pressure was chosen as a criterion of igniting the propellant. Based on the experimental formula of fore-ignition design, the initial amorce mass of a small solid rocket motor with end-and-lateral burning grain and aft-ignition manner was estimated firstly. A simulation combustion container was made to obtain the ignition characteristics of the igniter, such as the ignition peak, the delay time, and the opening manner of the nozzle closure. The ignition tests of the primers ignition manner and electric-squib ignition manner at different conditions were studied respectively. The results indicated that, though the amorce mass was the same, the ignition pressure, the ignition delay and opened manner of the nozzle closure were different. Finally, the electric-squib ignition manner was regarded as the suitable choice due to the thought of reliability and maintainability for the solid rocket motor and checked in a lot of motor ignition successfully.

21. Formulation Design of a New Ignition Composition and its Performances
TIAN Chun-lei, GAO Jun-guo, DU Shi-guo, HAN Qi-wen
Ordnance Engineering College, Shijiazhuang 050003, China

Abstract: In order to find out a new civil ignition powder, the Al、Mg、KNO_3 and S were used as major elements to form a new type of ignition composition. The orthogonal design method was used to optimize the formulations. In this way, 16 different ignition composition prescriptions were produced. Used Real software to simulate the burning process with computer, the energy parameters of all ignition compositions were calculated. According to the real temperature of five different prescriptions formed in selected range, the best formulation was optimized. The igniting efficiency of the selected optimal powder was tested in Bruceton's way. And the same parameter of black powder was tested under the same condition. The results show that the ignition distance of new composition is 7.916 cm while the black powder is 2.942 cm, indicating that the ignition performance of new ignition powder is better than that of black powder. The new ignition powder can ignite the thermite reliably.

22. Effect of Base Explosive RDX on Pelleting Characteristics of CH-6 Compound
YAN Ji-sheng
Gansu YinGuang Chemical Industrial Complex, Baiyin 730900, China

Abstract: The pelleting charateristics of two CH-6 composite explosives composed of pressure-cook RDX and RDX refined with actone respectively, were determined by the pelleting characteristics test and X-ray inspection method. The results indicated that the pelleting characteristics of CH-6 composite explosive containing pressure-cook RDX were better than these of CH-6 composite explosive containing RDX refined with actone. The reason of difference in pelleting characteristics was discussed.

23. Application of Multi-Point Synchronous Explosive Logic Circuit of the Ring Propagating Charge
HU Shuang-qi, TAI Ling, CAO Xiong
North China University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: To improve the initiating capacity of the booster pellet, the multi-point synchronous explosive circuit was applied to initiate the booster ring."One in four out" and "one in eight out" synchronous explosive circuit was designed. The synchronous time was analyzed. And the experimental program was designed to test the initiating capacity. The experimental results stated that the initiating capacity of booster pellet ring was obviously improved by applying the multi-point synchronous explosive circuit.

24. A Study of Decreasing Acid Value of Booster Pellets Used PETN
WEI Tian-yu, WANG Ji-ming, RAN Jun-peng, ZHAO Rui-xian
No.805 Factory, Military Representative Office of No.805 Factory, Baiyin 730900, China

Abstract: The process of decreasing the acid value of the booster pellets used semifinished PETN was studied by the exploring test in lab, the mini test and the medium test on the production line. The test data show that after the digesting in deacid agent, every specifications of the semifinished PETN can meet the regulations of the contract. The performance of the product meet the application requirement completely. Utilizing the available equipment, the batch production can be carried out.

25. Surface Treatment of PETN via Decreasing Static Electricity
YU Xian-han
Gansu Yinguang Chemistry Corporation, Baiyin 730900, China

Abstract: The surface treatment method of PETN by means of a surfactant is introduced. The testing and analyzing were carried out for the surfactant decreasing static electricity of PETN. The type and concentration of the statu-proof surfactant were optimized. The results show that static electricity of PETN is greatly decreased after it was treated with this surfactant. Thus, it benfits the production process and guality of detonating cord.

26. The Design of Propellant Charge of An Ejection Cartridge
ZHANG Tianfei1, MA Jingu2, LI Ji tian2
1. Beijing Institute of Technolgy, Beijing 100081, China
2. China Aviation LifeSupport Research Institute, Xiangfan 441003, China

Abstract: In this paper, the ultimate characteristic parameters and ballistic performace of an ejection cartridge are calculated by analyzing its action and operational rquirements. The selection principle of the propellant is presented. Through ballistic calculation and analysis, the charge configuration is preliminarily fixed and verified by tests. These efforts lay a good foundation for the cartridge design and its production.

27. Effect of Restraint Conditions on Shock Pressure of Booster
WANG Zuoshan, LIU Yucun, ZHANG Jinglin, ZHANG Baomin
North China Institute, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: The shock pressure of booster HMX/F2641 with smaller charge diameter was determined under three sorts of restraint conditions through manganin manometric method, and the test results were discussed according to shock kinetics. The practical density of explosive samples used in the experiment was 90% of the theory density value. The effect of restraint condition on shock pressure under smaller charge diameter tends to increase following the increasing of impedance, but with less amplitude variation for charge diameter between 3.0mm and 5.0 mm and wider amplitude variation for 1.5 mm charge diameter.

28. Formula Design of Infrared Smoke Composition Based on Uniform Design Method
ZHOU Zunning, PAN Gongpei, LI Yi, GUAN Hua
Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210094

Abstract: Uniform design method which can reduce experiment quantity is used in the formula design of infrared smoke composition. The attenuation rate of the optimal formula in 8～14 μm bands is 96.6%. The qualitative relationship between composition ingredients and attenuation rate is also obtained by regression of the experimental results. The uniform design method proved a fast and efficient way to investigate infrared smoke composition.

29. Preparation by Explosion Method and the Interference Function of Expanded Graphite
QIAO Xiaojing, ZHANG Tonglai, REN Hui
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China

Abstract: Potassium chlorate and potassium perchlorate are selected as oxidant in pyrotechnic compounds. When the pyrotechnic compounds were ignited, the transition from combustion to explosion would occur under a suitable ignition train, and the expanded graphite was produced and dispersed in air to realize the interference function. It was effective to avoid oxidation of the expanded graphite and to increase the yield of available component for interference by adjusting oxygen balance.

30. Effect of Particle Gradation of HMX on the Compressibility of a Typical Booster Explosive
CHAI Tao, ZHANG Jing lin
North China Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: Explosive HMX of two different particle size of 1～2 μm and 20～30 μm is preparated by spraying ultrafine method. The effect of the ratio of the two samples on the compressibility of typical booster explosive is sudied. The relation between the ratio and formability is analysised in theory.

31. Study On the Impacts of Smokeless Powders Composition on the Firing Effects of Sprayers
LIU Yu hai, LIU Shi lin
Nanjing University of Seience and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: This thesis analyses the problems' and their respective causes when smokeless firework powders are used as sprayers. Experiments are conducted to test the impacts of compound smokeless powders on the firing effects of sprayers. Factors considered include powder sizes, oxygents, black powder, fuel 1, as well as fuel 2. This thesis lays an experimental foundation for the ingredient design of smokeless firework powders.

32. Ignition Agents Suitable for Nitramine Propellants
DU Cheng zhong, LI Li, LI Xian
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The different ignition agent formulas were composed with the usual ignition materials such as NC?NH 4ClO 4?BP and so on, and their ignition capabilities igniting nitramine propellants were examined. The new type of ignition agent formulas which could improve nitramine propellant ignition properties were obtained though the ignition simulated tests comparing with the single base propellants. The ignition delay time of nitramine propellants ignited by ignition agent E containing NC23.1% ?BP38.5%?NH 4ClO 4 38.5% at -40 ℃ is similar to the single base propellants.

33. Calculation of the combustion characteristics for MTV Pyrotechnics
CHEN Ming hua, JIAO Qing jie, WEN Yu quan
Beijing institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: The combustion temperature and reaction heat of the MT and MTV pyrotechnics are calculated theoretically. The ratio of magnesium and Teflon is obtained when the highest temperature and reaction heat are produced. The amount of separated carbon and magnesium difluoride after combustion is calculated and analysised.

34. Experimental Investigation of Propagation Properties of Blast Waves In Air and in Semi-rigid Polyurethane Foam
CHEN Wang-hua, FENG Wei, PENG Jin-hua
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: The reflected overpressure distribution of blast wave of No.8 detonator with pap er shell was measured in semi-rigid polyurethane foam (SRPUF), and the incident overpressure distribution of the detonator in air was also tested in this paper . By the symposium of ideal-gas-state-equation, the reflected overpressures i n air were calculated. The contrast and the analysis on the two reflected overpr essure distribution were carried out. The propagation properties of the blast wa ves in the two media were discussed qualitatively, and the gap and cushioning pr operty of SRPUF material was analyzed as well.

35. The Testing Device of Cartridge's Primer and Testing Method
WANG Lai-fen, WAN Xue-ren, YI Fang
The PLA 95856 th unit, Nanjing, 210094, China

Abstract: The testing device for testing the performance of cartridge's primer was designe d. The performance of press-loading small primer conld be measured, and the sma ll primer's is fixed ammunition. The results of testing and analysis show that t he performance of cartridge's primer vary regularly with stored time, and the ch anges make an obvious effect on the interior ballistic performance. A new way is suggested for the study of reliability on the stored ammunition and the analysi s of accident.

36. Parameters Design of the Barrel of a Small Flyer Initiating System
TAN Ying xin, ZHANG Jing lin, WANG Gui ji, ZHANG Xiao chun
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: The barrel is an important factor effected on the flyer initiating system. The functions of a barrel of a small flyer initiating system are analyzed. The key parameters of the barrel such as the material, length and diameter are determined. The effect of small flyer initiating system can be ensured.

37. Research on Smog test & Characterizing Technique of Inhibitor
WANG Hong, WANG Ji gui, WANG Lin mei
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The text introduces the feature property of smog, discusses the theory essence of the light decrease caused by smog, then discusses methods of test character of the inhibitor smog. Factors, which affect the smog amount, are pointed out, and the solution to the inhibitor smog is given.

38. Calculation of Smoke Transmission Based on First order Multiple Scattering Approximation
LI Yi, PAN Gong pei, WANG Xue
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: The radiative transport equation of smoke extinction is solved by the method of first order multiple scattering approximation. The result which is more accurate than Lambert Beer law is used to simulate an infrared smoke transmission test.

39. Experimental Study on Reducing the Pressure Wave of Gun Propelling Charge with High Loading Density
XIAO Zheng gang, YANG Dong, YING San jiu, SHI Jie, GAO Yao lin, XU Fu ming
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: Two ignition methods are investigated to reduce pressure wave in large caliber gun propelling charge with high loading density. The first is adding crosswise igniter and upper ignition bag on the base of standard igniter, the second is using the low velocity detonation igniter instead of the standard igniter, at the same time adding the crosswise igniter. The firing test results of propelling charge with high loading density show that both of the two methods could met the request of ignition. Comparing with the standard igniter, the first ignition method could ignite the charge simultaneously and entirely, but the pressure wave phenomena in barrel is serious. The flame spreading velocity of the second ignition method is faster than of the first ignition method, and the ignition pressure could be established quickly, the ignition delay time of propelling charge is short. First of all, the pressure wave can be restrained. The frequency spectral analyses show that the second ignition method could weaken and restrain the high frequency vibration, improve the characteristic of vibration in high loading density charge.

40. Research of Laser Ignited Device in Solid Rocket Motor
ZHANG Qiu fang, HUANG Qiang, LIANG Yue mei
The 41 st Institute of the Fouth Academy of CASC, Xi'an 710025, China

Abstract: The components, working principle and test results of the laser ignited deviece are stated, its main properties are also discussed.

41. Study of Plasma Ignition Single Propellant
DAI Rong, LI Bao ming, ZHANG Jian qi
Ballistic Lab, Nanjing Unirersify of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: In the solid propellant electrothermal chemical (SPETC) propulsion concept, it has been proved that plasma can be successfully used to optimize and control the propellant ignition process. The ignition properties of types of single propellants in plasma source are analyzed in the paper. The characteristic of propellants ignition in defferent plasma power is obtained, and the work provide experiment evident for the study of plasma interior ballistic ignition.

42. The Advancement and Development of Self sensitization Theory for Expanded Ammonium Nitrate
L U•• Chun xu, LIU Zu laing, HUI Jun min
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: The surfactant (expanding agent) plays a decisive part in compulsory crystallization for saturated solution of Ammonium Nitrate (AN). It is the guarantee of expanding technology and basis of self sensitization theory. Expanded AN possesses cap sensitivety in definite conditions which is macroscopic behaviour for success of self sensitization.

43. Study on AP/DHG/CTPB Gas Generating Propellant
LIU Yun fei, LIU Ji hua, LUO Bing he
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: The formula and properties of composite gas generating propellant AP/DHG/CTPB were investigated. The burning property of the composite gas generating propellant was determined. The mechanism of the burning rate reduction of dihydroxyglyoxime (DHG) was analyzed.

44. Study on Suppression of Flame and Temperature of Aerosol Generating Agent by Potassium Organo-carboxylate
YANG Rong jie, QIAO Hai tao
School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, China

Abstract: Effects of suppressing flame and temperature of a kind of pyrotechnic aerosol generating agent EBM extinguishant by potassium organo carboxylate have been studied. Results of modification by different additive agents at different contents are compared and analyzed.

45. Experimental Studies on lgnition of Black Powder and Single Base Powder by an Electrically Heated Wire
DU Zhi ming, FENG Chang gen
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: Thermal ignition of black powder and single base powder by an electrically heated wire was experimentally studied. Critical ignition current through the wire and time-to-ignition was measured. Temperatures of the wire when ignition of powders occurred were calculated.

46. Experimental Study on Ignition Property of Solid Energetic Material by Laser
ZHANG Xiao bin, YUAN ya xiong, YU Bin, WENG Chun sheng
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China

Abstract: The experiment about ignition property of solid energetic materials was done by laser which was generated by big powerful laser instrument-ND:YAG. The influence on the ignition property of difference enery, pulse width and different frequency of laser instrument and different webs of the propellant. Was studied and analyzed which may be used to do further researches for ignition.

47. Assignable the Regulation for the Use of Firing Energy for Combustibility Primer and Application in the Countersunk Caseless Cartridge
ZHANG Yi le
Xi'an modern Chemistry Reasearch Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: In the countersunk caseless cartridge, the burning at ignition allied to the matching of charge configuration. By studing, gross firing energy of combustibility primer have an assignable the regularity was seekd. According to this assignable regulation for the use of firing enegy, the internal ballistic performance of caseless cartridge can be improved by adjusting weight of combustibility primer or addition ignition composition.

48. Testing Study in Effect of ESD to Fire Time Reliability of 105 Electric Fire Cap
Xu Yigen Liu Shanghe Wei Guanghui
Hefei Military Deputy Department, Hefei 230041

Abstract: Fire time of all random sample 105 electric fire caps respectively stimulated or non stimulated by ESD and stored or non stored is tested, and all contents fire technical requirement. Normality tests show that fire time of 105 Electric fire caps is distributed lognormally, its fire time reliabilities are respectively computed.

49. Review and Prediction of Improving the Ignition and Combustion Performances of Boron Particulates
Guan Dalin Wang Ningfei
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065

Abstract: The generalization, summation, comparison and analysis were made about the study to improve the ignition and combustion performances of boron. The prediction and suggestion about this field were present in this paper.

50. Study on the non electric initation conductible system
Shen Zhaowu Zhou Tingqing Yang Zhuyi Yang Fuchun
Huainan Mining Institute, Huainan 232001

Abstract: Applying non electric detonating cord packed totally sealed system and realizing network conducting check in order to effectively aviod gas detonation.

51. An Investigation of High Speed Ignition Under the Pressure Gradient of Steepest Descent
Hao Jianchun
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094

Abstract: In this paper, the pyrothechnic composition Mg•Al Ba(x)n 308A is proposed as a ignition charge of composition base bleed agent. Test results indicate that goal of high speed ignition can be attained under the pressure gradient of steepest descent.

52. Application Study on Surface Active Agent in Determination of Azide Ion in Wastewater by UV Spectrophotometric Method
Chen Jie Song Qize
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 [KH+3mmD]

Abstract: This paper presents the application in surface active agent in determination of azide ion in wastewater from sodium azide workshop of primary explosive plant by UV spectrophotometric method. The reactant CS 2N 3 from N 3 with CS 2 is measured to get a good absorption peak, on which the molar absorptivity ε max at the maxium absorption wave length is 10 3 order of magnitude only. To increase determinative sensibility, the surface active agent cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC)is chosen as hyperchromic agent through experiments. The analytic results show that the ε max value is about four times bigger than that of the original one and the determinative wave length shifts about 10nm to long wave direction as CPC is put into determined system. Additionally, the anti interference ability of the system goes up too.

53. A Study on Prevention of Accidental Explosion for Industrial Electric Detonator
Hao Jianchun
Nanjing University of Science and Technology 210094 [KH+4mmD]

Abstract: There may exist accidental firing or explosion of industrial electric detonator during manufacture, storage or transportation and in the use. In order to prevent the accident and avoid the accompanying damage and losses, the various causes of the accident are analyzed and the corresponding preventive measures are suggested.

54. Evaluation of a New Primary Explosive: Nickel Hydrazine Nitrate (NHN) complex
Zhu Shunguan, Wu Youchen, Zhang Wenyi, Mu Jingyan [Chemical Engineering College, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094 (P. R. China)], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 22: 317–320.

Abstract: NHN is a thermally and hydrolytically stable solid, easily prepared from available raw materials. Its preparation liquor can be used repeatedly, which means no waste-water pollution in industrial manufacture. NHN is not sensitive to impact, friction, or electrostatic charge, but is more sensitive to flame. It is demonstrated that NHN is suitable as a replacement for lead azide as an intermediate charge in commercial detonators.

55. Design of Electric Delay Detonator Withstanding a High Acceleration Impact
Lei Ming, Gao Yan and Lie-Wen hao, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(1):63-67

Abstract: The loading process was analyzed to improve performance of delay electric detonator withstanding a high acceleration impact. The consolidating and buffering structures, and delaying technology withstanding impact were also studied. The design of stress distribution, firing, auxiliary ignition, consolidating design of delay element, annular gas storage space structure design were adopted. Thereby, high impact loading test was carried out. Results show that the value withstanding acceleration of the above design structures is higher than 1×105 g and the delay performance is also improved

56. Plasma Sensitivities of Different Kinds of Primary Explosives
Ma Peng, Zhu Shun-guan, Zhang Lei and Xu Lu, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(1):72~75

Abstract: The plasma sensitivities of different kinds of primary explosives were studied. The voltage-time curves, current-time curves and light-time curves were obtained. The data were analyzed by using D-optimization method. Results show that lead styphnate (LTNR)，nickel hydrazine azide （NHA） and B/Pb3O4 are ignited by the SCB heat; lead picrate, lead azide, nickel hydrazine nitrate(NHN) and barium styphnate are ignited by the SCB plasma. The order of plasma sensitivity is: lead picrate>lead azide>barium styphnate>nickel hydrazine nitrate.

57. Preparation of a High Energy Boosters
Yan Ji-Sheng, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(1):76~79

Abstract: The technology of the booster preparation including particle size distribution and content of the main explosive PETN, mixing and casting temperatures of the PETN and carrier explosive were studied. A new high energy booster was prepared in the study and was initiated by 3.6 g•m-1 detonating cord. Its density is greater than 1.60 g•cm-3，detonation velocity is greater than 7000 m•s-1. It could breakdown 25 mm thick low carbon steel plate. Temperature test and under water pressure test results show that it meets the requirements.

58. Synthesis and Properties of Laser Sensitivity Primary Explosive 5-Hydrazinotetrazole Mercury Perchlorate
ZHU Ya-hong, SHENG Di-lun, YANG Bin, CHEN Li-kui and MA Feng-e, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(2):169~172

Abstract: 5-Hydrazinotetrazole as an intermediate was synthesized from 5, 5′-azotetrazolate by acidizing of hydrochloric acid and recrystallizing of sodium acetate, respectively. 5-Hydrazinotetrazole mercury perchlorate (HTMP) was synthesized from 5-hydrazinotetrazole by complex reaction with mercury acetate and perchlorate. Its structure was characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) and elemental analysis. Thermal decomposition of HTMP was discussed. The laser sensitivity of HTMP was tested by Langlie method. Results show that HTMP is sensitive to laser. Under no-doping condition, the 50% ignition energy of HTMP is 972 mJ, while BNCP could not be ignited. When doping 5% carbon black by weight, the 50% ignition energy of HTMP and BNCP are 2.56 mJ and 59 mJ. Mechanical sensitivity of HTMP is similar to that of BNCP.

59. Effect of Surfactants on Particles Microstructure and Detonator Initiation Sensitivity of ANFO
ZENG Gui-yu, GAO Da-yuan and Lü Chun-xu, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(2):210~213.

Abstract: The ANFO (ammonium nitrate and fuel oil) were modified by six kinds of surfactants including SDBS (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate), special expanded reagent, CTAB (hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium briomide), KH560 (γ-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane), Tween80 (polyoxyethylent (80) sorbitan monooleate) and TX-10 (polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether). The SEM technique and the plate trace principle test method were used to study their particles microstructure and detonator initiation sensitivity. Results show that the effects of the surfactants are evident on both particles microstructure and detonator initiation sensitivity of ANFO. The modified ANFO with SDBS can not be initiated under detonator shock wave action, since its particle shows a sandwich shape with smooth particle surface and fewer pores. While other modified ANFO can be initiated due to their coarse particles surface and porosity.

60. Experimental Study on the Storage Properties and Its Influence Factors of the Emulsion Explosive after Pressed by Shockwave
WANG Yin-jun, WANG Xu-guang and LI Jin-jun, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(2):214~217

Abstract: To explore the storage properties of the emulsion explosive after pressed by shockwave, the explosion shock wave of the emulsion explosive was tested at a period after it was pressed by shockwave in water, and the storage properties were compared and judged with its explosion shockwave crest values. The results show that there is no obvious decline of the explosion shockwave crest values in a certain period after pressed by the outside shockwave, but the explosive capacity will be worsen quickly after this period and lose the priming sensitivity by cap. The period of keeping the cap sensitivity may be several minutes, some days or even several weeks, which is related to the intensity of the pressing shockwave, the emulsifying agent, the sensitizer etc. The relationship is that the period will be shorter with the increasing of the shockwave intensity, and it will increase with the increasing of emulsifying agent content, and when the emulsion explosive is pressed by the shockwave with 108 MPa peak pressure, the period of keeping cap sensitivity declines from over 18 h to less 1 h with the increasing in the mass percent of the hollow glass microballoon from 2% to 5%, and with the increasing of the mass percent of the expanded perlite from 2% to 5%, the period declines from 24 min to several minutes.

61. Effect of Charge Parameters on the Performance of Exploding Foil Initiator
TONG Hong-hai, CHU En-yi, REN Xi and QIAN Yong, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(2):218~221

Abstract: To study the effect of HNS-IV charge parameters on the performance of exploding foil initiator (EFI), the function time of EFI with different charge parameters was measured. Results show that EFI with charge density of 90% theoretical maximum density (TMD) has the shortest function time and maximum initiation sensitivity. The initiation sensitivity of EFI with charge densities of 60% and 98%TMD is very low. When the charge density is 90%TMD, charge diameter has little effect on the initiation sensitivity and function time of EFI.

62. Study on Ignition Performance of Short Impulsive Thruster
JIANG Xin-guang, LI Guo-xin, WANG Zhi-xin and LAO Yun-liang, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(2):222~224

Abstract: In order to find the effect of the ignition composition amount on the short impulsive thruster and select the right ignition composition amount, the simulated test device was used and the p-t curves were obtained. Results show that the ignition delayed time changes from 1.48 ms to 1.06 ms, and the pressure increasing time changes from 0.37 ms to 0.16 ms, and the action time is about 1 ms. It indicates that the ignition delayed time and the pressure increasing time can be shortened if the ignition composition amount is increased. The ignition composition amount of 80 mg is selected to meet the target requirements.

63. Design on Mild Multi-point Synchronous Explosive Circuit
BAI Ying-wei, ZHANG Rui, LI Zhe, ZHOU Xiao-bin, WANG Ke-xuan and CHU En-yi, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(2):225~228

Abstract: By calculating the output synchronous error of the main parts of the flexible explosive circuit, the main factors affecting the output synchronization were analyzed. Two kinds of explosive circuit (one in nine out eccentricity explosive circuit and one in twelve out center explosive circuit) samples based on silver code were produced. The charge of the column and the code were HMX CⅢ. The output performances of these explosive circuit samples were tested. The results show that the function of the explosive circuits can be accomplished. The synchronous error of the circuit is within 200 ns which is better than that of the similar circuit.

64. Effect of Dopant on BNCP Semiconductor Laser Sensitivity
CHEN Li-kui, SHENG Di-lun, YANG Bing, ZHU Ya-hong and WANG Yan-lan, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(2):229~232

Abstract: The effects of dopant variety, dopant content and dopant wavelength on tetraamnine bis(5-nitrotetrazolato) cobalt(Ⅲ) perchlorate(BNCP) semiconductor laser sensitivity were studied by doping different dyestuffs into BNCP. Results show that the laser ignition threshold value is reduced apparently by adding appropriate dopant variety and dopant content. In 635 nm wavelength, the ignition energy of BNCP doped with 5% copper phthalocyanine is the lowest, and the laser 50% initiation threshold value and the initiation explosive average delay time of BNCP are 0.24 mJ and 2.3 ms. And for BNCP doped with 5% carbon black, the laser 50% initiation threshold value and the initiation explosive average delay time of BNCP are 0.57 mJ and 5.5 ms. In 915 nm wavelength, the 50% ignition threshold value of BNCP doped with 5% carbon black is the lowest (5.06 mJ).

65. Modeling the Propagating Velocity of Reaction Waves in Al/Ni Multilayer Films
WANG Liang, HE Bi, JIANG Xiao-hua, FU Qiu-bo and WANG Li-ling, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(2):233~235

Abstract: To study the application of Al/Ni multilayer films in micro/nano ignition apparatus, the propagating velocity of reaction waves in multilayer films was calculated by extended Mann model. The Mann mathematical model was extended by defining the layer thickness ratio to be δ：(2b-1) δ so as to account for multilayer films that have alternating layers with different layer thickness. The propagating velocity of reaction waves in Al/Ni multilayer films was computed and the calculation results agree with the experimental results, which verified the extended model. Results show that there is a critical layer thickness, below which the propagating velocity increases with the increasing of bilayer thickness; while above the critical value, a reverse relation is observed

66. Measurement of Semiconductor Bridge Plasma Temperature under Different Capacitances Using Spectroscopic Method, ZHANG Wen-chao, WANG Wen, ZHOU Bin, QIN Zhi-chun, ZHANG Lin, YE Jia-hai and TIAN Gui-rong, . Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(3):344~348

Abstract: The real-time measurement of the SCB voltage，current and plasma temperature based on the double-line method of atomic emission spectroscopy was conducted by using high-speed digital oscilloscope. The curves of SCB plasma temperature and SCB consumed energy versus time were obtained. The effects of five different capacitances (6.8，15，47，68，100 μF) on the functioning time，SCB consumed energy and SCB plasma maximum temperature were analyzed respectively when the charging voltage was 21 V. The results show that there is a linear relationship between the maximum temperatures and the capacitances. SCB plasma maximum temperature increases from 2242 K to 3324 K when capacitance increases from 6.8 μF to 100 μF.

67. Effect of V-type Angle and Hole of Semiconductor Bridge on Electro-explosive Performance
ZHOU Bin, MAO Guo-qiang, QIN Zhi-chun, ZHU Feng-chun, XU Zhen-xiang, CHEN Fei and ZHANG Wen-chao, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(3):349~352
Abstract: Fourteen kinds of SCBs with V-type angle and hole were designed，and the electro-explosive performances including the function time，energy required were investigated with firing by capacitor discharge circuit. The plasma firing mechanism of SCB was analyzed. Results indicate that the function time and the energy required decrease significantly for SCB firing with the V-type angle on the SCB decreasing，while the holes have a little effect on the explosive performance of SCB.

68. Storage Reliability Analysis for Explosive Initiator Using Sensitivity Test Data
HONG Dong-pao, ZHAO Yu and WEN Yu-quan, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(5):608~611

Abstract: To improve the accuracy of storage reliability analysis for the explosive initiator, the sensitivity test was studied and the storage reliability analysis for explosive initiator was proposed using the sensitivity test data. In the method, the estimations of sensitivity distribution parameters were obtained from the up-down test data, and were processed to be order restriction with the isotonic regression. Then using the order restriction estimations, the model was established to relate the sensitivity distribution to storage time. Using the model, the confidence interval of storage reliability and storage life were obtained. The illustrative example shows that the method is available for storage reliability assessment or storage life prediction on the explosive initiator with high reliability.

69. Electrical Explosion Temperature of Metal Thin Film Bridge Measured by Spectrum Radiation Method
WANG Guang-hai, LI Guo-xin, JIAO Qing-jie and LIU Gui-lin, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(5):616~618

Abstract: The electrical explosion temperature of Ni-Cr thin film bridge was studied by the spectrum radiation method. The radiation intensity was measured at wavelength of 514 nm, 631 nm, 692 nm, 715 nm, 910 nm, 1068 nm via six-channel instantaneous optical pyrometer, respectively, when metal thin film bridge fired, and then the ignition temperature was calculated based on blackbody radiation theory. Results shows that when metal thin film bridge is exploded in the conditions of 50 V and 100 μF, the maximum temperature is around 5000 K, and the duration time which the temperature is maintained above 4000 K is 300 ns.

70. Preparation of RDX/SiO2 Booster Membrane by Sol-Gel Method
JIANG Xia-bing, LIANG Yi-qun, ZHANG Jing-lin and CHEN Jian-shen, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(6):689~693

Abstract: In the process of silica(SiO2) sol transiting into gel, the definite mixture of acetone, N, N-dimethylformamide(DMF) and hexogen(RDX) and the mixture of acetic ester and fluorine rubber(FPM2602) were added sequentially, and the sub-transparent white 80% RDX/SiO2 booster membranes were obtained by pulley and manual spin coating methods. Results show that when the molar ratio of silicic acid tetracthyl ester (TEOS) to ethanol is 1：4, with the proper decreasing of the molar ratio between ethanol and water, the ductility of membrane and the particle size of RDX decrease. When the sol ages at 60 ℃, the viscosity of sol solution increases from 3 Pa•s to 13 Pa•s at gel point with the increasing of aging time, and the membranes acquired by spin coating is thin and smooth. The SEM photographs show that the spheroidal SiO2 with particle size of 300-500 nm adheres on the surface of RDX and forms a blocklike composite membrane element of RDX/SiO2 with size of 3-5 μm, which is a new-type booster membrane.

71. Validation of Energy Transfer and Continuum Heat Transfer Model for the SCB Plasma
FENG Hong-yan, ZHU Shun-guan, ZHANG Lin, LI Yan and SHEN Rui-qi, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(6):699~703
Abstract: The energy transfer mechanism between semiconductor bridge (SCB) plasma and the explosives was studied. The possible energy effect forms were mentioned and discussed by the mode of capacitor discharge. Some special ignition tests were designed and carried out to validate some energy transfer mechanisms including the thermal conduction between SCB and the explosive material, SCB plasma shock effect and permeability heat effect. A continuum model was developed to analyze the heat transfer from SCB plasma to explosive particles. The spherical heat transfer models of three primary explosive particles lead styphnate (LTNR), nickel hydrazine azide (NHA and nickel hydrazine nitrate (NHN) were calculated by Fourier analysis and numerical simulation. The minimum ignition voltages of three explosive particles were 11 V, 15 V and 39 V respectively. The ignition tests show that heat transfer coefficients of medicaments affect ignition attributions of SCB. The smaller heat transfer coefficient is, the smaller minimum ignition voltage is. The simulated results show that the permeability heat effect is the main energy effect form in the SCB ignition tests.

72. Experimental Study on Relationship between Pressure and Density of CMC-Pb (N3)2 Micro-charges
HE Ai-jun and YAN Nan, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(2):200~204.

Abstract: The relationship between loading pressure and charge density is the fundamental parameters for micro-charges. It is very important to study and design the charge density, loading explosive weight, and detonation characteristics in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) fuzes. The relationships between loading pressure and loading density by volumetric method for two primer explosive lead azide carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Pb(N3)2) charges (micro-charge with internal diameter 0.9 mm and normal charge with internal diameter 5.28 mm) were studied. The fitting equations and relationship curves for the two charges were obtained, and the relationships between porosity and stress were got too

73. Preparation and Properties of Mg/PTFE Thin Film
LIU Gui-lin, LI Guo-xin, WANG Guang-hai and LAO Yun-liang, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(2):205~208

Abstract: Mg/PTFE thin film pyrotechnic was produced by magnetron sputtering and evaporated deposition using magnesium as the combustible and polytetrafluoroethylene as the oxidant. The differences of the two film technologies were investigated and the adhesion, the granularity and the burning rate of the thin film were measured. Results show that the adhesion, the granularity and the burning rate of the Mg/PTFE film produced by magnetron sputtering are 35.88 mN, 0.1-0.5 μm and (623.9±12.5) mm•s-1 respectively, and the main performances of the Mg/PTFE film produced by magnetron sputtering are better than that by evaporated deposition.

74. Property Assessment of a Initiating Device by Accelerated Life Test
TU Xiao-zhen, WEI Xing-wen and WANG Pei, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(2):209~212

Abstract: The change of an initiating device′s function time was studied by accelerated life test at 60 ℃, and relative humidity 95%. Results show that the mean value of the detonator′s single function time prolongs when the time of life test continues. And at the ageing time of 0, 21, 35 and 45 days, the maximum value of function time and the ageing time have good linear relatiouship. The reliability value of the tested sample falls to 98.98% when the ageing time is 56 days, and falls to 15.06% when the ageing time is 67 days.

75. Ignition of Semiconductor Bridge with Nickel Hydrazine Azide
MA Peng, ZHU Shun-guan, ZHANG Lin, ZHANG Lei and XU Lu, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(2):213~216

Abstract: A new powerful primary explosive nickel hydrazine azide(NHA) was used as charge for semiconductor bridge(SCB). The optimal conditions for the ignition were obtained: pressure 60 MPa; capacitance 47 μF; particle size of the primary explosive 49 μm. U-t curves and U-E curves show that NHA is ignited by the plasma generated by SCB at high voltage, and NHA is ignited by hot spot generated by SCB Joule-heat at lower voltage.

76. Preparation and Characterization of Al-CuO Reactive Bridge Film
HU Yan, YE Ying-hua, SHEN Rui-qi and DONG Neng-fa, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(3):339~342

Abstract: Al-CuO composite bridge films were successfully deposited on the substrates by means of magnetron sputtering. The morphology and phase constitution of the prepared samples were investigated by SEM and XRD. The Al-CuO composite bridge film was ignited using a constant voltage power supply. The current variations of Al bridge film and Al-CuO composite bridge film were compared. The phase constitution of the composite bridge film after ignition was investigated by XRD. The ignition process of the composite bridge film was recorded by high speed photography. The results show that the composite bridge film has a layered structure, that the films consist of homogeneous and approximatively spherical nanocrystals and that there is a redox reaction initiated by the heat generated from electrification in the Al-CuO composite bridge film.

77. Testing Methods and Factors Affecting Detonation Performance of Mild Detonating Cords
BAI Ying-wei, WANG Ke-xuan, REN Xi, AO Cheng-gang, LI Jun and CHU En-yi, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(3):351~355

Abstract: The influence of difference sampling distances in detonation velocity testing for the detonating cords was studied and the testing method was improved. A thin film Mn-Cu sensor was used to test the output shockwave pressure of the detonating cords. On basis of the testing methods, the key affecting factors detonation velocity and shockwave pressure of detonating cords were researched. The testing conditions include temperature, flexibility, linear and non-linear. The conclusions was theoretically analyzed which was based on the semi-empirical formula and the testing results. On basis of the conclusions, mild explosive circuits can be designed more accurately.

78. HMX/TATB-based polymer bonded Booster Study
Sovereign, Jing-lin, Chen Yafang, Cai Tao, “Energetic materials”, 2007, 15(1):9-11, 15

Abstract: To solve the kinds of small explosive drugs , security cannot meet the requirements of the contradictions of modern warfare, the use of hybrid technology and the main explosive bonded particle size distribution technique, using orthogonal test a new formula Booster HMX (HMX) fine 43.25%, 43.25% crude, 3-nitro-benzene triamine (TATB) 10%, fluorine rubber (VitonA) 2.5%, poly nitrobenzene support (PNP) 1.0%. With a solution – water suspension was prepared in the shape of the booster explosive powder to test the main properties of the powder form, the results show that the Booster not only has the PBXN-5 Booster and good fluidity and molding characteristics and energy, volume expansion, heat resistance, improved safety.