Center for Energetic Concepts Development, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland

Manufacturing

1. Progress of Preparation Methods and Application of Clean Nitrating Agent of Dinitrogen Pentoxide

HE Zhi-yong, LUO Jun, Lü Chun-xu
School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: The experimental and pilot-plant-scale preparation of dinitrogen pentoxide(N2O5) and three nitration systems based on it were reviewed with 30 references.N2O5/nitric acid system is a very powerful nitration reagent and particularly valuable for the nitration of highly deactivated aromatics.N2O5/organic solvent system is a much milder and more selective nitration reagent, which is well suited for the cases that the substrates or products are sensitive to acid or water, and for regioselective O-nitration.N2O5/solid carrier system exhibits most preformances of N2O5/organic solvent system.Moreover, this system can avoid to using large quantity of toxic organic solvent and make operation and product seperation much easier because the nitration reaction takes place on the surface of solid carrier.

2. Feasibility Analysis on Preparation of Civil Explosives with Obsolete HTPB Propellant

JIANG Da-yong1, WANG Xuan-jun1, BAI Yun2, LI Xia1
1. Xi'an Hi-Tech Institute, Xi'an 710025, China
2. Xi'an Commanding College of CAPE, Xi'an 710038, China

Abstract: A tentative plan was put forward to restructure obsolete HTPB propellant into civil explosive by adding AP:in energy, energy parameters such as explosion heat, and specific volume of the obsolete HTPB propellant was better than civil explosive commonly applied; in safety, neither combustion nor explosion could occur in the process of grinding and mixing in the water coolant conditions in compatibility.It has fair compatibility with AP as oxidant.Based on the three aspects, considering that obsolete HTPB propellants may be restructured into civil explosives.

3. Oxidation Reaction Kinetics of TNT in Supercritical Water

CHANG Shuang-jun1, LIU Yu-cun1, DONG Guo-qing2, YU Guo-qiang1
1. Chemical Industry and Ecology Institute of North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
2. Jinxi Industry Co., LTD, Taiyuan 030027, China

Abstract: The supercritical water oxidation(SCWO) experimental facility was used to investigate the degradation rules of TNT in wastewater with O2 as oxidant. The global kinetic equation for COD removal rate was established by using a power-law. The results show that SCWO technology can eliminate TNT from wastewater effectively.On the supercritical condition, the COD removal rate of TNT improved obviously as reaction temperature and residence time rising.Under the condition of 673-823K, 24MPa, 300% excess oxygen, 5.7×10-4mol•L-1, the reaction can proceed in 1.18 order with organics and 0.24 order with oxygen. The activation energy is 96.85kJ•mol-1 with the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor being 4.87×103s-1.

4. Analysis of Clean Production Process of TNT

LI Yu-ping1, CUI Li-li1, MU Jing-hai2, AI Qing-zhu2, JIAO Hong-chun2, SHEN Zhong2, CUI Hua-hui2, LU Hong-wen2
1.School of Chemical Engineering and the Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
2.CNGC Qingyang Chemical Industry Corporation, Liaoyang Liaoning 111000, China

Abstract: To reduce the by-products in the TNT production process, and decrease the production and discharge of pollutants, the theoretic and experimental study about the clean production technology of TNT was done. The results show that the unsymmetrical TNT in the crude TNT comes mainly from the m-nitrotoluene in the nitration process of toluene, seperating the mono-nitrotoluene can get m-nitrotoluene, o-nitrotoluene and p-nitrotoluene.Using one of the o-nitrotoluene and/or p-nitrotoluene as the raw material of TNT can increase the economical profit and decrease the by-products, realizing the clean production of TNT. The clean production process with new purifying agent and new purification process can reduce the total chemical oxygen demand by 88.8%, and decrease the treatment duty of the red water.

5. Life Prediction of NEPE Propellant Base on GA-BP Neural Network

MO Wen-bin, LI Jin-xian
College of Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China

Abstract: A new model for NEPE propellant life prediction was established by means of combination of genetic algorithm with neural network(GA-BP). Defining propellant tensile strength dropping to 50% of original one as failure criteria, the NEPE propellant storage life predicted using GA-BP model was 12.5 years approximately under the condition of temperature 20℃, relative humidity of 65% and reliability of 90%. The result shows that the model has high precision and strong ability of generalization.

6. Recovery of TFA in the Synthesis of LLM-105 Explosive

DENG Ming-zhe, YE Zhi-hu, SU Hai-peng, LIU Hong-li, QI Yan
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: In order to recovery the waste liquid of TFA in the synthesis of LLM-105 explosive, the operation processes, including neutralization using strong base, concentration, acidation, and distillation were introduced. The results show that the recovery rate and purity of TFA are above 80% and 98%, respectively. The recovered TFA can be used and suited in the synthesis of LLM-105 explosive with good results. The factors of affecting neutralization and acidation processes were stated, and the recovery cost was assessed. Employing recovered TFA in synthetic process, not only would the cost of production be cut, but also environmental pollution be averted.

7. Study of Pressurized Absorption of Nitrogen Oxides in Water

CHEN Xi1, LI Yu-ping1, HAN Jie1, GUO Xing-ming1, CHI Zheng-ping2, MENG Qing-hai2, JIANG Xin2, TIAN Jing-cai2, ZHANG Yu-gui2, SU Yuan-yuan2
1.School of Chemical Engineering and the Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
2.CNGC Environ-tech Development Co., Ltd, Beijing 100053, China

Abstract: To find a high efficient method to control the nitrogen oxides pollution, pressurized absorption was studied with simulation waste gas. The results show that at lower pressures(0-0.4) MPa, the nitrogen oxides absorption efficiency in water decreases with increasing the inlet concentration of nitrogen oxides, but at higher pressure(0.4-0.8 MPa) it increases with increasing the inlet concentration. The absorption efficiency increases with increasing the operation pressure, the efficiency at 0.8 MPa is six times more than that of at atmospheric pressure, but the increase become less with the pressure higher than 0.6 MPa. So the pressurized absorption is a very good method to control the nitrogen oxides emission, the optimum pressure is 0.4-0.6 MPa. The operating cost of pressurizing gas can be compensated by the nitric acid recovery.

8. Prediction of Storage Life of Single-base Propellant by Pure Quadratic Model

GOU Yong-qiang, LUO Xing-bai, QIN Xiang-yu, ZHANG Jian-li
Ordnance Engineering College, Shijiazhuang 050003, China

Abstract: The influmence of the temperature and humidity should be considered for forecasting the storage life of propellants. The relation curves of storage life of propellant in various areas to the temperature and humidity were obtained by using MATLAB software, discovering that their fitting curves accord with quadratic form. The regress model of pure quadratic form was established according to the temperature and humidity data where environment character was relatively representative. The regress equation with small rmse and residuals was obtained, and the regress model had great fitting effect, and the results obtained could be used to exactly predict the safe storage life of single-base propellant under different temperature and humidity.

9. Application of High Gravity Technology in Propellants and Explosives Production

JIAO Wei-zhou, LIU You-zhi, QI Gui-sheng
Research Center of Shanxi Province for High Gravity Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: According to background of producing the high gravity technology, the carrier, operating, principle and characteristics of realizing high gravity technology are described. The application of this technology in the purifying recovery of acetic acid and mixture solvent tail gas as well as the synthesis of cupric 2, 4-dihydroxy-benzoate is introduced.Its broad development prospect in explosives and propellants industry in the future is reviewed with 17 references.

10. Treatment of HMX Wastewater with US/Fenton Technology

YIN Juan-juan1, YUAN Feng-ying1, SONG Wei-dong1, 2, YAO Hong-yun1
1.North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
2. The 78th Element of PLA 75205, Shenzhen Guangdong 518111, China

Abstract: In order to degrade toxic wastewater from producing HMX, US/Fenton reagent was employed to treat HMX wastewater at room temperature. The results show that US/Fenton reagent performs well in treatment of HMX wastewater when the frequency of ultrasonic is 60kHz. Under the conditions of initial HMX concentration of 200mg/L, pH=2, H2O2(mass fraction 10%)dosage of 1mL, FeSO4•7H2O(mass fraction 10%)dosage of 0.5mL, reaction time of 80min, the best removal efficiency of HMX and COD are 90% and 51%, respectively.

11. Pilot-scale Research on Absorption of Acetic Acid Tail Gas by High-Gravity Technology

JIAO Wei-zhou, LIU You-zhi, CUI Lei-jun
Research Center of Shanxi Province for High Gravity Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051

Abstract: In order to absorb the acetic acid solvent volatilized in the process of producing HMX by acetic anhydride method, a research was made to absorb the acetic acid tail gas with the high-gravity rotating packed bed used in a pilot-scale experiment. The effect of the high-gravity factor, liquid flux and circulation time on the liquid acetic acid mass fraction was investigated. The results showed that under the conditions of high-gravity factor 111, liquid circulation 0.3m3, liquid flux 1.0m3/h, circulation time 12h, the liquid acetic acid mass fraction reached more than 60% and the economic benefit of the recuperated acetic acid is 1.35 million Yuan annually.

12. Modular Design for the Product Line of Single Compound Explosive

JIN Jian-ping, XI Wei, WANG Yong
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: In order to satisfy the requirement of many synthesis production in single compound explosive and to the product line of single compound explosive by the more scientific and proper way, the characteristics of the modularization system was analyzed on the basis of studying and summarizing modular design. The complicated product line of single compound explosive was changed into the simple unit structure picture to help analyzing the configuration of system and optimization design.Bases on discussing modular design, a new means for designing product line of single compound explosive is proposed.

13. Effect of Nozzle on Solid Particle Circulating Characteristics in Liquid-solid Exterior Circulating Fluidized Bed

ZHANG Shao-feng, SHEN Zhi-yuan, WEI Jian-ming
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China

Abstract: Liquid-solid exterior circulating fluidized bed heat exchanger can be used to evaporate and concentrate the extract of single-base powder when withdrawing nitrocellulose from it. The nozzle as a critical part in the exterior circulating fluidized bed was designed to control the solid circulation. The liquid solid exterior circulating fluidized bed heat exchanger(LSECFBE), which made use of nozzle as the particle circulating device, was established. The effects of structure parameter of nozzle and operating parameter on the onset circulating flux, pressure drop of fluidized bed, suction pressure and maximum solid circulating flux were studied. On the basis of analysis, an optimal nozzle diameter ratio and nozzle position which made the solid circulating effectiveness perfect were obtained. It provides some theoretical information for the optimal design of the LSECFBE.

14. Experimental Research on LaCoO_3 in Treatment of Wastewater Containing TNT

WU Bing-heng, HU Shuang-qi
School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: The perovskite-type LaCoO3 was successfully prepared by La(NO3)3 and Co(NO3)2 in citrate acid solution, where the citrate acid was used as chelating agent and fuel.Photocatalytic activities of perovskite LaCoO3 to TNT degradation were studied.For LaCoO3 catalyst, the optimum conditions obtained from the absorbency of waste water and remove rate of CODcr were that the molar concentration of LaCoO3 is 0.002mol/L, pH=8, and reaction time is 60min.Under the optimum reaction conditions, the highest degradation rate of TNT was 57.8%.

15. Storage and Life Prediction of Solid Rocket Motor in Sea Environment

WANG Yu-feng1, LI Gao-chun1, WANG Xiao-wei2
1.Department of Airborne Vehicle Engineering, Naval Aeronautical and Astronautical University, Yantai Shandong 264001, China
2. The 92840th Unit of PLA, Jiaonan Shandong 266405, China

Abstract: The characteristics of sea environment and its effect on solid rocket motor performance were discussed. The hydrothermal aging test was carried out. The Eyring-cumulative damage model was established based on the cumulative damage model and Eyring life model and the life of solid rocket motor under constant temperature and cycle temperature was predicted by the model. The predicted results by Arrhenius and Eyring cumulative damage model under constant temperature are similar. The effect by the change of swing in temperature is great. The larger the difference in temperature in day and night or in a year, the more the loss of motor's life.

16. Influencing Factors and the Degradation Mechanism of Aqueous 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene by Pulsed Gas Phase Discharge

CHEN Hai-yan1, 2, SHI Yao2, CHU Hai-lin1, ZHANG Ye1, LI Xiao-jin1, ZHANG Ya-bin1, YANG Rui-zhuang1
1.Institute of Environmental Protection Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
2.Institute of Environment and Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

Abstract: Degradation of 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene(TNT) in waste water is investigated by a pulsed high voltage gas phase discharge above the water surface. The effect of different experimental conditions, including peak pulsed voltage, pulsed frequency and the initial value of pH, on the TNT degradation rate and the degradation mechanism are studied. The obtained results show that the removal efficiency of TNT increases with the increase of peak pulsed voltage and pulsed frequency. The initial value of pH also has some influence on the TNT degradation rate. The removal efficiency of TNT under the condition of pH=6.8 is best. In the case of 9.8kV peak pulsed voltage, 120Hz pulsed frequency, the degradation rate of 30mg/L TNT solution with pH value of 6.8 reached 66.1% after 60min treatment. TNT conversion and the production of major oxidation products in the solution have been determined, using ion chromatography with conductivity detector and gas chromatography with MS detector. It is found that hydroxyl radical plays an important role on TNT degradation. The degradation of 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene is attacked by hydroxyl radical to form 2, 4, 6-trinitrotobenzoic acid. The later is oxidized to 1, 3, 5-trinitrobenzene. Therefore, the ring is opened to simple organic acids such as formate acid, NO-2 and NO-3, etc.

17. Study on Kinetics of HMX Wastewater Oxidation in Supercritical Water

ZHAO Bao-guo1, LIU Yu-cun1, GENG Peng-yin2, LUO Wen-hao1, JIANG Hong-yan1
1.Chemical Industry and Ecology Institute, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
2. The Environmental Protection Technology Co., LTD of Gaoqing in Hebei Provience Shijiazhuang, 050000, China

Abstract: Adopting semi-continuously supercritical water oxidation to handle HMX explosive wastewater, oxidation of HMX in supercritical water was studied at 450-590℃, 23MPa and 300% excess oxygen in a reactor. The experimental results showed that increasing the temperature and resident time could increase the HMX removal efficiency and COD removal efficiency. But only when the temperature is higher than 590℃ with other conditions unchanged, can the HMX removal efficiency and COD removal efficiency be achieved greater than 99%.In the range of 450-590℃ and 020s, the HMX removal efficiency and COD removal efficiency are strongly dependent for temperature and time.Under the condition of 450-590℃, 23MPa and 300% excess oxygen, the reaction order respect to HMX is 2.24, the activation energy of the reaction is 5.727×104J/mol, and the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor is 2.348×105.

18. Mechanical Properties of Extrusion Composite Propellant

LU Shuan-cang, JIA Yan-bin
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: In order to improve the mechanical properties of the extrusion composite propellant, through increasing relative molecular mass of binder, adding various bonding agents, technological additives and macromolecular intensifier, the compression strength and impact strength of the propellants with high solid content at 20℃ and-55℃ were improved. The impact strength of the propellants with polymer intensifier at-55℃ was increased by 74.3%.

19. Dissolution Rate of Nitrocellulose in Ethanol-aether Mixed Solvent

CHEN Peng-fei, LI Yong-feng, ZHANG Li-hua
College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: Assuming that there is a linear relation between dissolution rate and dissoluability and setting the slope of the viscosity-time curve as dissolution rate, the dissolution rate of nitrocellulose(NC) in ethanol-aether mixed solvent in different instance was studied. The experimental results indicated that the slope of viscosity-time curve can be used as dissoution rate and the larger the nitrogen content in NC, the lower the dissolution of NC in ethanol-aether mixed solvent. When the proportion of ethanol-aether mixed solvent is 1∶1 and 3∶2, 2# NC and 3# NC has largest dissolution rate, respectively. As the temperature rose the dissolution rate of 3# NC increased obviously when the proportion of ethanol-aether mixed solvent was 3∶2.

20. Separation of Desensitizing RDX of over Shelf Life With Boiling Wash in Aqueous Suspension

JING Chang-lun1, 2, XU Fu-ming2, HOU Yong1, JIA Hong-xuan1
1.Shanxi Beihuaguanlv Chemical Co., Ltd, Yongji Shanxi 044501, China
2.School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: In order to explore the method of recycling desensitizing RDX of over shelf life, the deterrent on the surface of RDX particle were eliminated by adding a special surfactant with the boiling wash process in liquid suspension.With the help of physicochemical properties of the surfactant, the insensitive agent and surfactant in the wastewater were recycled. The results show that the recovery and purity of RDX were 89.27% and 99.52%, respectively. The waste water of boiling wash process was disposed conveniently, and the deterrent and surfactant of more than 98% in waste water were recycled. The recycled materials as an oil phase of the powder industry explosive were used.

21. Research on Evolved Gas of JOB-9003

YU Kun, YU Feng-mei, LI Zhe, LIU Ning
Institute of Chemical Material, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China

Abstract: Gases released by accelerated aging JOB-9003 molding powder and pellets at different temperatures for 2～4 months and the effect of storage conditions on the amount of gases are studied by means of SPME, GC and GC-MS techniques. The results showed that variety of gases such as toluene, ethyl acetate, 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene(TNT), 2-chloropropanonitrile and so on could be examined, which derived from raw materials and solvents used in making ingredients between gases released by JOB-9003. The amount of gases increased with the increase of accelerated aging temperature and time.

22. A Kind of Method on Estimating the Safe Storage Life of Propellant in Depot Storage

ZHENG Bo, SONG Xin-min, JIANG Zhi-bao, LI Ming
Ordnance Technology Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050000, China

Abstract: In order to estimate scientifically the safe storage life of propellant in the depot storage, the long time storage test of propellant is performed. The data of diphenylamine(DPA) content in some propellant stored in the depot environment for more than 30 years is acquired. A corresponding mathematical model for the data processing and a prediction method of safe storage life of single base propellant are established . Based on the tested and calculated results by data processing method , we concluded that the safe storage life of the propellant will exceed 56 years with 90 percent confidence level. The results obtained by test verification prove that the conclusion is accord with the actual situation on the whole, showing that the method of estimating the safe storage life of propellant in depot storage presented in this work is acceptable.

23. The Experimental Study on Detonation of Wasted Single Base Propellant

YANG Hui-qun, WANG Ze-shan, WEI Xiao-an
Chemistry Engineering College, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: Crushing wasted single-base propellant is a relatively dangerous procedure. It is necessary to solve the problem in practical production how to improve the security on the procedure and simplify the technology for treating with wasted single base propellant. The detonation occasion of wasted single base propellant was studied through witness steel-plate method, which is simple and easy. Three experimental facts: first, freely loaded 9/7 single base propellants can be ignited and exploded; passivating 9/7 single base propellant was descended in detonation sensitivity and freely loaded one can be exploded incompletely; the charge showed non-detonating or detonating reaction if no or filling in the space with gel solution of ammonium nitrate; second, if no or coating and filling, 5/7(grain shape)single base propellant was possessed similar property as 9/7 ones; third, 22/1 (pipe shape) single-base propellant showed non detonating or detonating reaction if no or filling in the space with gel solution of ammonium nitrate, proved that detonation of single base propellant was controllable and was affected by charge shape as well as charge capacity.

24. Application of CL-20, FOX-12 and DNTF in CMDB Propellant

PANG Jun~1, WANG Jiang-ning~(2.3), ZHANG Rui-e~2, XIE Bo~2
1. The Military Affairs Department for Naval Equipment of Xi'an, Xi'an 710068, China
2. Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
3. Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an710065, China

Abstract: The application of the high energy density material(HEDM) CL-20, DNTF and FOX-12 in CMDB propellant were studied. It was found that the samples with above three materials may safely made by screw extrusion, when the quantity of additive is 50%, and there are low pressure exponent (less than 0.3～0.6) under the pressure between 4～22 MPa. The energy of the CMDB propellant added 50% CL-20 or DNTF is more than that added 50% HMX. The security of the CMDB propellant added three kinds of high energy density material is correspond to the same kind of propellants.

25. Enhancing the Biodegradability of Wastewater Containing 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluence Explosive on Co-metabolism

WU Yao-guo1, WANG Qiu-hua1, ZHANG Juan2, ZHAO Chen-hui1, SUN Wei-min1
1. Department of Applied Chemistry, Northwestern Polythenical University, Xi'an 710072, China
2. Liaoning Environmental Protection Bureau, Shenyang 110011, China

Abstract: In order to enhance the biodegradability of wastewater containing TNT, the biodegradability of the wastewater containing TNT explosive from a plant was assessed by the methods of wastewater quality standard and model tests respectively, and the potentials of the methods, which were adding glucose and (or) mixed with wastewater of sugar industry to improve the biodegradability of the wastewater containing TNT explosive, were tested. The results show that, although the biodegradability of the wastewater was low and was getting harder with the increase of TNT concentration, the biodegradability could be enhanced by adding glucose or mixed with wastewater of food industry such as sugar industry, and is beneficial for the wastewater to be bio-treated.

26. Treatment of Wastewater Containing TNT by Fenton Oxidation

XU Jin-hua, WANG Xiao-jun
School of Environmental Science & Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China

Abstract: In order to treat wastewater containing TNT effectively, the effect of treating the wastewater with Fenton oxidation is studied. The results of orthogonal and single-factor experiments suggested that: the n(Fe2+)/n(H2O2) ratio influences the removalrate of CODcr in the wasterwater mostly, pH value has some influence, while the m(H2O2)/m(CODcr) ratio has little influence. The optimum Fenton Oxidation conditions obtained from the experimental results were m(H2O2)/m(CODcr)=1, n(Fe2+)/n(H2O2)=6, pH=6, and reaction time 60 min. Under the optimum reaction conditions, the highest removal rates of CODcr was 95.1%, and the efflunet concentration of CODcr was 13.4 mg/L.

27. Recovery of Solvent Mixture from Propellant and Explosive Plant by High-gravity Absorption Technology

CUI Lei-jun, LIU You-zhi, JIAO Wei-zhou, XING Yin-quan
Research Center of Shanxi Province for High Gravity Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: In order to recycle part of solvent(acetone and ethyl acetate) volatilized in the process of transforming α-HMX into β-HMX with the mixed solvent of water, acetone and ethyl acetate, the rotating packed bed with high efficiency mass transfer characteristics is used. The effect of rotating speed, fluid flow rate and fluid circulating time on the absorption effect of the mixed solvent is studied. The results show that the rotating speed and fluid flow rate have obvious effect on the absorption of the solvent. The optimum operation parameters are rotating speed, 1 000 r/min;fluid flow rate, 2 m3/h; fluid circulating time, 12 h. The absorption of the solvent with high-gravity absorption technology has favorable economic and environmental protection value.

27. UDMH Wastewater Disposal by Electrodeionization

FENG Qing-wei, ZENG Qing-xuan, WANG Jian-ying
State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: A electrodeionization(EDI) device packed by strong acidic ion-exchange fiber was used to dispose simulated rocketdrome unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine(UDMH) wastewater in lab. The characteristic curves of voltage vs.current and pH value of out water relation(U-I, U-pH )and the effect of treating simulated water sample were studied. The results show that in comparison with electro-dialysis(ED), the efficiency of water treatment by EDI was higher and the polarization of water in membrance piles mainly occurs on anion exchange membrane surface. The freshwater after several times disposal can reach emission standards, the concentration of UDMH in concentrated water can reach over 3396.7 mg/L. Material balance show that UDMH is easy to be oxided.

28. Study on Oxidation Kinetics of DDNP in Supercritical Water

MENG Zhao-long, LIU Yu-cun, CHAI Tao
Department of Chemistry and Environment, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: Supercritical water oxidation of DDNP wastewater was performed in a batch reactor with oxygen as the oxidant at the temperature ranged from 703 to 823 K, the pressure of 24 MPa and residence time ranged from 10 s to 50 s. The simulated wastewater of DDNP in supercritical water oxidation was studied and the COD removal rate reaches 99%. The macro-kinetics with the COD removal rate of wastewater by supercritical water oxidation was established. The results show that supercritical water oxidation is efficient for the treatment of DDNP waste water.In supercritical conditions, the COD removal rate increases with the increase of temperature and residence time of the reaction.In the case of oxidant excess twice, the reaction of supercritical water oxidation of DDNP is 1.33 order in organics and 0.21 order in oxygen. The activation energy Ea is 30.7 kJ/mol and the frequency factor A 61.97 s-1.

29. Degradation of TNT by Supercritical Water Oxidation

CHANG Shuang-jun, LIU Yu-cun
College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: The supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) experimental facility was used to investigate the degradation rules of TNT in waste water under different technology conditions. The results show that SCWO technology can eliminate TNT in waste water effectively. Temperature and residence time are two principal factors affecting TNT degradation efficiency.On the supercritical condition, TNT degradation efficiency improved obviously as reaction temperature and residence time rising. A degradation efficiency of 99.9% in TNT waste water can be obtained under the conditions of 550 ℃, 24 MPa and 120 s. The degradation intermediate products were analyzed by GC-MS. The results show that the main intermediates during SCWO included 1, 3, 5-trinitrobenzene, toluene, nitrophenol, naphthalene, fluorine phenanthrene, anthracene, dibutyl phthalate, heptane, dodecane, tetradecane and other linear chain paraffins, confirming that many side reactions, such as coupled reaction, hydrolysis reaction and isomerization reaction happened simultaneously as TNT is oxidized by SCWO. The degradation mechanism of TNT in supercritical water is discussed.

30. Hazard Source Evaluation Method of Solid Propellants

ZHANG Xiao-ping1, LI Jun2, ZHAO Xiao-bin2, WANG Chen-xue2
1.College of Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
2. Assessment Center of Solid Propellant Safety and Aging, Hubei Institute of Aerospace Chemotechnology, Xiangfan Hubei 441003, China

Abstract: A hazard source quantitative evaluation method based on the existing quantitative hazard evaluation method (BZA-1 method) of evaluating the plants of explosive or ammunition was proposed according to the different characteristics of sensitivity values in the different production process of solid propellants. The danger degree in the different process of solid propellant can be reflected really through replacing the sensitivity value of traditional geometric mean with comprehensive sensitivity, and dimensionless and grade parameterization methods.

31. Treatment of TNT Red Water by Wet Oxidation

LU Zhi-yuan1, LI Yu-ping1, MU Jing-hai2, JIAO Hong-chun2, CUI Hua-hui2, LU Hong-wen2, SHEN Zhong2
1.School of Chemical Engineering and the Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
2.CNGC Qingyang Chemical Industry Corporation, Liaoyang Liaoning 111000, China

Abstract: In order to study the feasibility of treating TNT red water with wet oxidation method and determine the optimum technology conditions, various parameters affecting the chemical oxygen demand (COD) value, such as reaction temperature, reaction time, pH value of in fluent and initial reaction pressure of oxygen, were investigated. The results indicated that when the reaction temperature is 200℃, residence time 10min, oxygen pressure 4 MPa, and the pH value 4, the COD value of TNT red water decrease from 56500mg/L to 1072.5mg/L, the removal efficiency is more than 98.10%.

32. Study on the Cocrystallized Explosive of Urea Nitrate and RDX

ZHOU Run-qiang1, LIU De-xin2, CAO Duan-lin1, WANG Jian-long1, LI Yong-xiang1
1.College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China;
2.Gansu Yinguang Chemical Industry Group Co.Ltd, Baiyin Gansu 730900, China

Abstract: To solve the waste nitric acid recycle problem from RDX plants, a new technique is used:(a) urea is added to the waste nitric acid after RDX is isolated, thus forming urea nitrate, (b) RDX and urea nitrate in intric acid are cocrystallized to obtain a mixture explosive containing 60%-70% RDX. The test results show that its detonation velocity is 7500m•s-1, which is 4% more than that of direct mixture of RDX and urea nitrate. Analysed results by IR show that this mixture explosive is an eutectic with intermolecular hydrogen bond.

33. Study on 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene Waste Water Disposal by Supercritical Water Oxidation(SCWO)

ZHAO Bao-guo, LIU Yu-cun, CHANG Shuang-jun
Department of Chemistry and Environment, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: The non-catalytic supercritical water oxidation(SCWO) of DNT waster water was studied in an intermittent reactor. The oxidation decomposition efficiency of organic compounds in supercritical water was investigated. The treated water samples were determined by COD and detected with HLPC, and gas samples were analyzed with qualitatively color.Under the conditions of residence time 30s, 600℃ and 25MPa pressure or so, the SCWO is efficient for disposal of explosive waste water containing DNT (CODcrof treated water samples reached 28mg/L, and without harmful gases). The relationship between reaction duration, pressure, temperature and the removal efficiency of DNT in explosives waste water was investigated. The impact degree and optimum condition of the oxidation decomposition were determined. The results show that the supercritical water oxidation can remove DNT mostly.Under the conditions of supercriticality and rich oxygen, the reaction temperature and duration are the principal factors affecting the removal of COD.

34. Absorption of TNT by Molecularly Imprinted Polymer

ZHANG Qiu-yue, MENG Zi-hui, XIAO Xiao-bing, NI Wei, ZHOU Zhi-ming, WU Yu-kai, WEN Hong-liang
School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: In order to remove the released nitro compounds in waste water, selective absorption of TNT is studied by molecularly imprinting technique. The molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) was prepared using TNT as template molecule, TRIM as crosslink agent and acrylamide as monomer.MIP was used to clean up TNT from the methanol-aqueous solution. Their absorptive performance were analyzed by RP-HPLC. Absorption kinetic curve of MIP showed that the absorbing saturation time is about 40min. The 1mg•mL-1 MIP reduced the TNT concentration from 13.7mgL-1 to lower than 1.10mgL-1in 30min. The absorptive rate was 92.0%, showing that the selectivity of MIP for the template molecule TNT was high.

35. Treatment of Nitrogen Oxides in Explosive Industry by Rotating Packed Bed

LI Peng, LIU You-zhi, LI Yu, WANG Jian-wei, KANG Rong-can, DIAO Jin-xiang, LIU Zhenhe
Research Center of Shanxi Province for High Gravity Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: To solve the view of the difficulty in treating high concentration nitrogen oxides in explosive industry, a new absorption equipment, rotating packed bed, is applied.Due to its advanced characteristics, the rotating packed bed can be used to increase the efficiency of the absorbent treatment of nitrogen oxides, reduce the costs of treatment and reach the state discharging standards.When pure water was used as absorbent in initial experiment, the effects of gas flow, liquid gas ratio and high gravity factors on absorptivity were investigated and the best operation parameters were determined.In this experiment, absorbent was used for intensification of mass transfer and absorption mechanism was briefly discussed. The result indicates that absorptivity could amount to 85.3% at a gas flow rate of 2m3/h, liquid gas ratio of 20L/m3 and high gravity factor of 90. After double stage treatment, the nitrogen oxides tail gas reached the state discharging standards. The rotating packed bed has wide industrial prospect for its advantages of smaller occupation of land, lower cost investment, easier operation and higher absorption efficiency.

36. Experimental Research on High-gravity Ozone Oxidative Treatment of TNT Red-Water

LIU You-zhi, DIAO Jin-xiang, WANG He, LI Peng, KANG Rong-can, JIAO Wei-zhou
Research Center of Shanxi Province for High Gravity Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: In order to increase the efficiency of the ozone oxidative treatment of TNT red-water and reduce the costs of treatment, a novel rotating packed bed with high mass transfer characteristics is used to investigate the characteristic rule of the ozone oxidative treatment of TNT red-water.Various operating variables, including high gravity factor β, initial pH value of red-water and ratio of gas to liquid, affecting the removal efficiency of COD in red-water are studied. The results indicate that the effect of high gravity factor on the removal efficiency of COD in red-water increases with increasing initial pH value of red-water.However this effect is not obvious as high gravity factor β is higher than 100. The removal efficiency of COD decreases with increasing ratio of gas to liquid, then gently increases. The removal efficiency of COD increases with increasing initial pH value.When pH value exceed 11, the removal efficiency of COD will decrease. The experimental results prove the possibility in technique and show a good application future for high-gravity ozone oxidative treatment of TNT red-water.

37. Mechanism of 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene-removal by Mn(II)-Catalyzed Ozonation

WU Yao-guo, HUI Lin, ZHAO Chen-hui, WANG Qiu-hua, FENG Wen-lu
Department of Applied Chemistry, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China

Abstract: Objective of this study was to explore the mechanism of degrading pollutants, 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene(TNT), by Mn(II)-catalyzed ozonation, and influence of bicarbonate, pH value and catalyzer dose and its dosing ways on the catalytic efficiency. The results showed that Mn(II) had a great potential to enhance ozonation of TNT.For Mn(II) dose 0.106 mol/L and its dosing way at one step, and pH value 5, TNT-degradation rate was larger than that for others. And the rates was nearly constant when bicarbonate concentration was 58.1mg/L or 290.5mg/L. The rate of COD-removal is less than that of TNT-removal and the molecular ratio of nitrate increasing and TNT decreasing was 1∶1 during Mn(II)-catalyzed ozonation process, showing that TNT was not degraded completely.During Mn(II)-catalyzed ozonation process, hydrous manganese oxide formed changes characteristics of treated water environment makes the colloid surface and interface between colloid and solution increase, TNT and ozone accumulate and TNT-degradation by ozone easily take place.

38. Development and Application of Green Propellants and Explosives and Related Technologies

WANG Xin
North Institute for Scientific and Technical Information, CNGC, Beijing 100089, China

Abstract: The improved and applied research achievements with green characteristics about green propellants and explosives, related processing technologies, demilitarization recycle recover and reuse are summarized.Green propellants and explosives include clean rocket propellants, lead-free double base propellants, TPE based gun propellants, nontoxic gun propellants and heavy metal-free ignition agents and primary explosives. The green processing technologies include chemical syntheses of nitro-energetic compounds using dinitrogen pentodide as nitration agent, biosynthesis of nitramines using peroxynitrate as a nitration agent and microorganisms as catalyzer, continuous and flexible manufacturing technologies, the processing of propellants and explosives formulations based on twin screw extrusion, closed loop and safely processing technique to eliminate energetic emissions produced in manufacture of energetic formulation and Sol-Gel process to prepare nanoenergetics.Green technologies to demilitarize propellants and explosives include molten salt oxidation technology for demilitarization products, photocatalyzing process to destruct waste water containing energetic compounds, treatment technologies for recycle, recover and reuse(R~3) of propellants and explosives. The current situation and trend of above mentioned propellants and explosives and related technologies are reviewed with 25 references.

39. Explosion Causation Analysis of High Concentration Hydrogen Peroxide in Unsealed System

WU Zhi-jian, ZHOU Gang
Beijing Institute of Aerospace Testing Technology, Beijing 100074, China

Abstract: In order to analyze an explosion accident for processing high concentrated hydrogen peroxide in unsealed system, two experimental conditions to simulate the explosion possibility are designed.system Ⅰis under the completely open condition(1) and relative sealed space condition(2) formed between high concentrated hydrogen peroxide and vessel or tube. The results show that explosion occurs only on condition 2.Based on the results, A numerical algorithm used to analyze and explain the explosion cause is established.

40. Development of Green Liquid Propellants

HE Fang~(1, 2), FANG Tao~2, LI Ya-yu~2, MI Zhen-tao~1
1.School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
2. The Research Center for Liquid Propellant, CASC, Beijing 100074, China

Abstract: A review of the latest progress in three sorts of green liquid propellant, including monopropellants, bipropellants and atomic propellants, has been presented.Hydroxylammonium nitrate(HAN) monopropellant, with low freezing point and high density specific impulse, can be used in small satellite and upper stage of spacecraft while the problem on its catalyzing and decomposing has been resolved. Ammonium dinitramide monopropellant has higher density specific impulse than HAN based monopropellant, and comparing to hydrazine monopropellant, it almost has the same engine power in pulse mode except the temperature in engine preheator and combustion chamber is a little higher.Hydrogen peroxide/azido-amine combination is hypergolic bipropellant with high density specific impulse.Bipropellant combinations based on nitrogen monoxide can be widely applied in micro-propulsion systems. Atomic propellants may bring revolutionary leap to launch vehicle, but the challenge in cryogenic technology has been put forward.

41. The Development of the Coarse Smash Equipment for High Adhesive and Elastic Propellant

ZHANG Xiu-e~1, LI Jian-Jun~(1, 2)
1.Shanxi North Xing′an Chemical Industry Co.LTD, Taiyuan 030008, China
2.China North Industries Group Corporation, Beijing 100821, China

Abstract: The considerable differences of the shape and size of the propellant material after pre-mixing and kneading in half solvent gun propellant double screw extrusion technology can cause the difficulty of the feeding of the double screw extruder and the nonuniform of extruding rate in the double screw extrusion process for the half solvent propellent.In order to dispose these problems, a coarse smash equipment CSZZ-200 suited for high adhesiveness and elasticity propellant is manufactured through utilizing civil industry coarse smash equipment with wet solid and improving the main orbit parameter and security technique measure. Through testing with the inert materials and real material, the property of the equipment is verified. The result shows the shape sizes of marerial particle by coarse smashing with the coarse smash equipment are relativity uniform and unadhesive. The velocity of strands extruded by the double screw extruder is uniform and stable. The difficulties of feeding and the nonuniform of extruding rate in the double screw extruder are solved.

42. Applicable Properties of Special Processing Agents for HTPB

HE Yao-dong, GAO Deng
The 46~(th) Institute of the Sixth Academy of CASIC, Huhehaote 010010, China

Abstract: The effects of the components and contents of a special processing agent HG, on the slurry's fluidity, viscosity increasing rate and cure characteristics of HTPB propellants are studied by monitoring the viscosity of HTPB propellant compositions through cone-plate viscometer and falling-ball viscometer, and the in situ consumed rate of TDI curing agent. The experimental results show that HG can obviously improve the process property of HTPB compositions containing high level of humidity-resisting bonding agent(HRBA), while keeping good curing and mechanical characteristics of the compositions. The results of monitoring the consumed rate of TDI curing agent preliminarily proves that this improvement is caused by the HG's disturbing to the curing reaction and so-called curing-like reaction in the compositions.

43. The Effect of DNTF and its Eutectics on the Mouldability of PBX

ZHAO Sheng-xiang, DAI Zhi-xin, ZHANG Cheng-wei, LI Xiao-ping
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Insititute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The effects of 3, 4-dinitrofurazanofuroxan(DNTF), TNT, 1, 3, 3-trinitroazetidine(TNAZ) and eutectics DNTF-TNT and DNTF-TNAZ as additive agents on the mouldability of PBX were studied. The results show that the single and eutectic mixture explosives as additive agents could increase the mouldability of PBX.For single explosive additives including DNTF, TNAZ and TNT, the lower the melting point, the higher the moulding density for PBX, but for eutectic mixture explosive additives, the mouldability of PBX was effected by not only their melting points but also their components. The DNTF-TNAZ eutectic mixture additives could promote the pressing density much higher than DNTF-TNT eutectic mixture additives, and the suitable content in PBX was 2%-3%.

44. Hazard Classification Procedures for Explosive and Propellant

YU Tong-chang, WANG Xiao-feng, WANG Jian-ling
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: According to the explosive hazard classification procedures at home and abroad, and consulting the research characteristic of propellant and explosive, especially in the high energy solid propellants currently and propellants classification procedures of abroad, a proposition on propellant and explosive hazard classification procedures is presented.In the light of this proposition, if explosive can not be assigned to 1.5 or 1.6 hazard divisions, it would be 1.1 type, but not 1.2 to 1.4.propellant, however must be assigned to divisions 1.1 to 1.4. The established procedures have better pertinence, strict estimation rules and good operations, and can also be referenced when carrying through studying of hazard classification and establishing military criterion.

45. The Process on TNT Refinery by Sodium Sulfite-Potassium Hydrogen Sulfite Method

WEI Tian-yu, GUO Hai-ying, RAN Jun-peng, ZHAO Rui-xian
GanSu YinGuang Chemical Group Co., LTD, Baiyin Gansu 730900, China

Abstract: In order to decrease the side product from the refinery process of TNT, increase the yield of refined TNT and improve the crystallizing quality of TNT, the refinery process of TNT is studied on the principle of inhabiting the side reaction to decrease the TNT loss with controlling the pH value(below 8) of the refinery solution, TNT is refined by Na_2SO_3-NaHSO_3 solution. The acidity of the system is controlled by the buffer solution formed by weak acid and salt of weak acid to inhabit the formation of side products HNBB and MPDM, decrease the loss of α-TNT, and increase the yield and quality of the product. The test results indicate that in comparison with Na_2SO_3 process, the purity of TNT by NaHSO_3 process is higher, the melting point enhances 0.04℃, the mean yield increases by 2.5%, showing that the TNT quality improved remarkably.It is of benefit to eliminate the shrinkage void and crack and improve the charge properties effectively. The color of the product is lighter. The decrease of wash time makes the amount of the waste water decrease.

46. Mechanical Sensitivity of DADE and the Composite Explosive Containing DADE

NAN Hai, WANG Xiao-feng
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: To examine the safety of DADE and composite explosives with DADE, the mechanism of decreasing the sensitivity of mixed explosives with DADE is studied by means of a microscope. The result shows that under the same condition of experiment, the impact and friction sensitivity of DADE are in the same level with TATB and NTO, having very excellent safety. The particle size has important effect on DADE sensitivity. The smaller particle size makes impact and friction sensitivity increase. After replace RDX in composition B partially with DADE, the mechanical sensitivity of the formulation hardly changes, and the effect of decreasing the sensitivity is very obvious. The results show that rational particle grade and surface coating is an important process to decrease the mechanical sensitivity of DADE.

47. Progress on Regioselective Nitration of Toluene

LIU Li-rong1, 2, LüChun-xu1, LI Xia1
1.Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
2.Department of Chemical Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang Jiangsu 222005, China

Abstract: The current progress in all kinds of methods that can increase the regioselectivity of nitration oftoluene at home and abroad in the last twenty years is summarized. The requirement of the environmental aspect ofregioselective nitration of toluene is analyzed. Through the study of the constitute both of the nitrating reagentsand catalysts, the ratio of para isomer of nitro products is improved, the regioselectivity of nitration of toluene isincreased, forming of majority of ortho isomer of nitrotuluene is avoided, the environments of nitration of tolueneis improved and the environmental pollution that caused by nitrating reaction is decreased. The regioselective nitra-tion of toluene with nitrogen oxides in the presence of various sorts of zeolites, can save energy and raw materials, and possesses the characteristics of no waste acid and waste water, and no corroding to the nitro installation. Theyield of nitro products is increased by a big margin, nitro products almost is produced quantitatively and high paraselectivity is achieved in all these catalysts. The regioselective nitration of toluene with nitrogen oxides over ex-changed zeolites is a clean nitration method which has vast prospects.

48. Application of Twin-screw Technology Used in Solvent-process Propellant

XI Hai-jun, MU Jing-hai, LI Yin-qing, YU Kui-sheng, HAN Hua
Liaoning Qingyang Chemical Industrial Corporation, Liaoyang Liaoning 111002, China

Abstract: Through plasticization and molding experiments, the technology rule of plasticization and molding of twin-screw machine is found and the main technology parameters are determined. An orthogonal experiment method is adopted to determine the technology parameter. The effects of solvent percentage, die form, screw-combining mode, water temperature in die and screw on product density, die pressure and torque were analyzed by the range analysis method. The results show that the solvent percentage has the most effect on die pressure. The die form has the most effect on product density and screw-combining mode has the most effect on torque. The effects of screw rotating speed on die pressure, and of adding frequency on torque are also analyzed. The results obtained offer a technology foundation and basis on the engineering application of the twin-screw technology in continuous and automatical propellant production line.

49. Photocatalytic Oxidation Kinetics of Waste Water with TNT and Organic Dyes

ZHANG Dong-xiang~1, ZHANG Ling-yun~1, LI Han-sheng~1, Tarasov V V~2
1.School of Chemical Engineering and the Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
2.Department of Industrial Ecology, D.I.Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow 125190, Russia)

Abstract: The performance and kinetics of decomposition of TNT and organic dyes in industrial waste water in circulating slurry photocatalytic reactors by employing the photocatalytic oxidation is investigated.Based on the formation and diffusion of hydroxyl radicals, and their reaction with organic dyes or TNT molecules, the kinetics model for photocatalytic oxidation of TNT and organic dye is established. The results show that organic dyes and TNT can be effectively decomposed by the photocatalytic oxidation.Removal percentage of TNT with different initial concentrations can reach above 90% at 6 hours. The results for kinetics of the photocatalytic oxidation of TNT with different initial concentrations and different organic dyes show that the photocatalytic degradation rate follows pseudo-first order kinetic model. The photocatalytic oxidation of TNT and organic dyes can also be described by the kinetics model proposed.

50. Investigation on the Pot Life of Casting PBX

XUAN Chun-lei, TANG Gui-fang, LI Xin
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The HTPB-TDI binder system used in casting PBX was studied. A suitable catalyst, dibutyltin dilaurate(T-12) of shortening the curing time of the HTPB-TDI binder system was choosed.With the help of the simultaneous use of HAA and T-12, an efficient inhibitor, acetylacetone(HAA) of lengthening the pot life of the HTPB-TDI binder system was choosed and the aim of shortening the curing time of casting PBX achieved. The influence of added way of catalyst and inhibitor on the pot life of casting PBX was evaluated by testing the viscosity of the HTPB TDI binder system. A proper proportion between T-12 and HAA was found to be 4∶1.

51. Rust Inhibiting Cutting Fluid for TNT-based Explosive Charges Machining

LI Hai-bo, WANG Xiao-chuan, YU Wei-fei, WU Kui-xian, MENG Li, YAO Hong, ZENG Gui-yu
Institute of Chemical Materials, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China

Abstract: Based on analyzing the characteristic of the TNT and TNT-based charges machining, the CFE cutting fluid series for TNT-based charges machining which made friends with human and environment are designed. The CFE series are sifted and evaluated by the discolouration compatibility test, antirust test and microcalorimetric test.Evaluated result shows that no discoloured reaction occurs when CFE-3 contacts with TNT, HMX and RDX.3%～8% CFE-3(qualitative concentration) has good antirust ability for A3 type steel. The antirust mechanism of CFE-3 for A3 type steel is discussed in detail. The CFE-3 is easy to be made up and is convenient to be used. After diluted with tap water to 3%～8% qualitative concentration, CFE-3 can be instantly used for TNT-based charges machining.

52. Design of Flowing Generator by Propellant Burning and Parameter Calculation

YUAN Qiu-chang~1, KONG Jun-li~1, SUN Yang~1, LIU Hai-yang~2, HE Yuan-dong~2
1.Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China
2.Downhole Special Operation Service Company, IPEB, Puyang 457061, China

Abstract: The mechanism of propellant draining generator for repairing the casing by explosive welding is described. The fluid-flow direction drived by combustion gas is analyzed. The charge weight, chamber pressure, nozzle dimension, ignition pressure, ignition agent weight and shell strength of the generator are also analyzed theoretically and calculated. The results show that the generator can rapidly drain off well fluid between casing and welded reinforcing pipe through combustion gas doing work, which has good effect on improving explosive welding for casing.

53. Depressing Sensitivity Technique of the Waste Composite Solid Propellants

ZHANG Shu-jun~1, XU Li-lai~1, WANG Liang~2, LIU An-ding~1
1.Xi'an Aerospace Chemical Propulsion Factory, CA, Xi'an710025, China
2.Northwesten Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China

Abstract: To dispose waste composite solid propellants in solid rocket, the treatment of depressing the shock sensitivity and friction sensitivity of the propellant is performed by the method of extracting energetic component, AP in the propellant. The effect of mass concentration of extract on the extration efficiency and dissolubility of energetic component, the rate of depressing sensitivity and method of recovering energetic component from extraction solution with distillation method are studied. The results show that the shock sensitivity and friction sensitivity of the propellants after the extraction of AP from waste propellants descend 60%. The crack and pressure loss of propellant is favourable for the safety destruction of waste composite solid propellants in solid rocket. TJ-3, as an optimum extractant is studied. The recovery of AP from the propellant is beneficial to environment protection.

54. A Method of Measuring Powder Dimension Based on Image Processing and its Realization

YANG Jun-yun, YUAN Ya-xiong, ZHANG Xiao-bing, ZHOU Rui-rong
College of Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: A system of auto-processing microimage of powder dimensions is designed. The system combines image processing with feature checking and quantitative analysis. It can process the microimage of powder and compute such dimension as diameter of in-hole and out-hole, thickness of burning layer and length, etc. The results can be made report forms, which can be print or displayed, or can be saved in database to do statistic analysis.

55. Effect of Anions on the Degradation of TNT by O_3/H_2O_2 Process

WU Yao-guo, ZHAO Chen-hui, HUI lin, WANG Qiu-hua, Zhao Da-wei
Northwestern Ploytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China

Abstract: In the system of O_3/H_2O_2, the reaction between O_3 and H_2O_2 can produce hydroxyl radical(•OH), so it is used to degrade the objective pollutants in the wastewater. Chemical impurities in wastewater may influence the producing or/and lifetime of •OH, then affect the efficacy of O_3/H_2O_2 process. In this paper, based on the quality of the 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT)-containing wastewater, HCO_3~-、NO_3~-、HCOO~-、MnO_4~-、SO_4~(2-) and Cl~- were selected to study the effect of anions on the degradation of TNT by O_3/H_2O_2process. The results show that the effect of anion on the degradation of TNT was controlled by its type and concentration, HCO_3~-、HCOO~- and MnO_4~- can inhibit the TNT degradation and their inhibition ability enhanced with the concentration increasing, and HCOO~-HCO_3~-MnO_4~-;NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-) and Cl~- have no affect. HCOO~- and HCO_3~- may influence the producing of •OH and MnO_4~- has effect on both the producing and lifetime of •OH, and then decreases the degradation of TNT by O_3/H_2O_2process.

56. The Development and Application of Perforating Gun 102 Assembling Perforating Charge 127 Technology in Daqing Oil Field

AN Feng-chun~1, SUN Xin-bo~2, YANG Yu-ling~2
1.Petroleum University, Beijing 100081, China
2.Daqing Oil Recovery Subcompany, Daqing 163412, China

Abstract: To increase the penetration of 127 perforating cartridge in 140mm cased wells of Daqing Oil field, and obtain better perforating results, after investigation and theoretical research, the technology of 102 mm perforating gun carrying 127mm perforating charge is presented. The technology is applied firstly in the simulating well and experimented well in the surface and solves the key technical problems, such as gun strength and appropriate explosive load, etc, realizing the optimum clearance of perforating charge, the optimum space between gun and target, and also effectively preventing 102mm perforating gun's inflation and burst. The technology has been used in Daqing oil field for nearly 1 000 wells and its penetration, hole diameter, and other technical index are within the allowed limit of the industrial standard. The technology effectively increases the fluid production rate and oil production rate, having wide application prospect.

57. Quality System and Quantitative Assessment Method of Explosives & Propellants Products

SHEN Xian-feng
Xi'an Jaotong University, Xi'an 710032, China

Abstract: Based on the established quality system for explosives and propellants manufacture, the quantitative method to assess the quality level of explosives and propellants product has been found. This method was mainly consisted of ascertaining the index of evaluation, selecting statistical method, calculating base index with selected statistical method, converting statistical value of base index into assessment value of higher level index by applying maximum and minimum effectiveness function. According to evaluating objects and the found method, a mathematical model has been established. Adopting this model, by the ways of grading products and finding weak loop. The quantitative assessment to explosives and propellants products would be realized.

58. Green Assessment of Manufacturing Process of Powder Based on the Data Envelopment Analysis

ZHANG Hua, WANG Xi-bin
School of Mechanical Engineering and Vehicle, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: The assess model based on data envelopment analysis theory is established. In this model, concrete manufacturing activities are assessing objects. The concept of green front face is provided. The green front face shows the state sets of a process unit's manufacturing activities in the highest green level. Based on the theory above, a green manufacturing software is programmed for flexible manufacturing line of gun powder. An example using the software to assess manufacturing activities is provided. Application of the theory shows that it is suitable for the green assessment of manufacturing process in gun powder factories.

59. An Effective Technique of Improving the Mechanical Properties of AP-CMDB Propellant at Low-temperature

TENG Xue-feng, LI Xu-li, DANG Yong-zhan
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The effects of extruding pressure and additives on mechanical properties of AP-CMDB propellant at low-temperature were investigated. The samples of AP-CMDB propellant, which contained different additives and had been molded in different extruding pressures, had been made by extrusion process in which organic solvent had been introduced. The mechanical properties of these samples at -40℃ had been characterized by impact strength test. The burning rates and thermal stability of some samples also had been measured by Crawford bomb test and Methyl violet test respectively. The results indicated that both the fiber additives and functional additive had greatly improved the impact strength of the propellant at -40℃, but fiber additives had negative effect on burning of propellant. It is also found that the extruding pressure had minor effect on impact strength of the propellant when the pressure was above 6.0 MPa. The addition of functional additive to AP-CMDB propellant woule be an effective technique to resolve the cracking problems of AP-CMDB propellant grain when the rocket motor with feather-brush type charge operated at low temperature.

60. Characterization on Migrated Substance from JOB-9003 Explosive

XU Tao, CHEN Shu-dong, WANG Xiao-chuan, XU Rui-juan, ZHAO Ying-bin
Institute of Chemical Materials, Academy of Engineering Physics of China, Mianyang 621900, China

Abstract: Some materials in JOB-9003, a kind of plastic bonded explosive are migrated under long storage conditions. The migrated materials and easy migrated materials under high temperature are characterized and determined. The needle-shaped crystals are migrated to the walls of the glass vessel. At 75℃, stored for three months. And form the SEM photography, it is quite clear that some needle-shaped crystals existed on the surface of JOB-9003. By using GC/MS technique, the migrated substance had been determined to be TNT mostly, and micro amount of wax and impurity of explosives. The results of HPLC show that the content of TNT was down about 17.65%. The results of XPS show that the elemental content of surface is different with the stockpile temperature changing. From the results, it can be seen that the material which was easy to migrate has low melting-point

61. The Understanding and Comprehension of Science and Technology for Propellant

XIAO Zhong-liang~1, WANG Ze-shan~2
1. North China Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030051, China
2. Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: According to the characteristics of propellant, and the science and technology of propellant was taken apart in four layers: the production and aggregation of energy, the release and conversion of energy, the manufacture and processing of energy resources, the characterization and assessment of energy resources. In order to deepen the understanding of scientific technology on the central point of propellant and the related conception of science and technology, the description and delineation were made to the four layers. This also can give a reference for the research workers of propellant.

62. Application of Ammunium Dinitramide in Propellants and Explosives

ZHANG Zhi-zhong, JI Yue-ping, WANG Bo-zhou, Liu Qian
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute 710065, China

Abstract: The application of ammanium dinitramide (ADN) as a new oxidizer of propellant and explosives is reviewed, it is considered that ADN is a nice candidate that may replace ammonium perchlorate (AP) oxidizer in propellant compositions. The suggestions about optimization technology to reduce cost, improvement of stabilization, prilling technigues and application of ADN are presented.

63. Degradation of TNT by O_3/H_2O_2

WU Yao-guo, ZHAO Da-wei, ZHAO Chen-hui, Hui Lin
Dep. Applied Chemistry, Northwestern Polythenical University, Xi'an 710072, China

Abstract: The experiments were conducted on self-made apparatus to research the TNT degradation by O_3/H_2O_2 advanced oxidation processes. It was found that, compared with that achieved by ozonation alone, O_3/H_2O_2 greatly increased the efficiency of TNT degradation, and the by-products were avoided. The optimum process conditions were molar ratio of hydrogen peroxide to ozone, the pH value about 11 and the satisfied temperature 20℃. The kinetic characterizes for TNT degradation by O_3/H_2O_2 did not fit the pseudo-first order kinetic rule.

64. Analysis of Microstructure of TATB Based PBX

CAO Yang~1, NIE Fu-de~(1, 2), LI Yue-sheng~1
1. Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
2. Institute of Chemical Materials, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China

Abstract: The microstructure of TATB-based PBX composed by particle-systems of various scales have been discussed, some typically original and regenerative defects have also been observed, and highly filled PBX bas been studied. Employing several high-resolution techniques which characterize the microstructure and component of PBX, such as SEM?EDX?XRD, the affiliation from particles was established, as well as molding powders to charges pressed from them. Thus exploited a new possible approach to improve the mechanical and safety performance of PBX products.

65. Applications of Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance in Explosives Detection

SHI Guang-ming, XU Geng-guang, WANG Ting-zeng, LI Run-hua
1. Institute of Electroechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
2. Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing100000, China

Abstract: The development in the research of explosives detection, including the detection method of nuclear quadrupole resonance, types of signal excitation, multipulses technologies, the elimination of false and interferential sign and the relation between explosive and nuclear quadrupole resonance signal at domestic and abroad is reviewed with 23 references. The exisiting problems on explosives detection by nuclear quadrupole resonance and the brief advices to solve the problems are proposed.

66. The Automatic Detecting Device for Gas Lock Valve of Initiating Explosive Device

GAO Ming, NI Jin-ping, REN Xue-min, MA Wei-hong
School of Optoelelectronical Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Technology, Xi'an 710032, China

Abstract: A kind of automatic detecting device is introduced, which is applied to automatic detecting of the gas lock valve of initiating explosive device. With digital image processing and PLC technology, the geometric sizes and surface defects of the workpiece can be detected automatically. The detecting principle, method and approach of the device is introduced in detail. A set of testing data has been obtained. The testing results showed that the device can notably increase detecting efficiency and improve manufacture quality. With its resolution of up to 4μm. The device is of great worth spreading for automatic detecting of other special profiled parts.

67. The Selection of the Binder for Assembling Double Base Propellant Chunks

ZHU Kai-jin~1, ZHAO Xiao-min~2, WU Zhi-sheng~2, LU Yu-ping~2
1. College Attached to North China Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030008, in;China
2. Shanxi Xing'an Chemical Material Plant 030008, China

Abstract: It is determined that ZS-1 binder can be used as the binder for assembling double base propellant chunks by means of compatibility test of propellant-binder, heat accelerated aging test, mechanical property test at high(+50℃) and low(-40℃) temperatures, and interior ballistic test for assembled samples. It is indicated by the tests that provided a suitable binder is selected, the design requirements can be met by assembling double base propellant chunks.

68. The Thermal Stability Evaluation of Anti-explosive Ammonium Nitrate by Accelerating Rate Calorimeter

SHEN Li-jin~(1, 2), WANG Xu-guang~2
1. University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing100083, China
2. Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Beijing100044, China

Abstract: Anti-explosive ammonium nitrate(AEAN) was prepared by adding anti-explosive additives in the course of modeling manufacture process flowsheet of ammonium nitrate, then formulated according to an industrial explosive formula into ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO), and detonated by the No.8 detonator. The experimental results show that the explosive characteristic of AEAN was eliminated. The adiabatic decompositions of AN and AEAN were investigated by an accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC). The curves of thermal decomposition temperature and pressure versus time, self-heating rate and pressure versus temperature for two systems were obtained. The kinetic parameters such as apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factor were calculated. The safety of AEAN was analyzed. It was indicated that AEAN has better thermal stability. The elimination of AEAN explosive characteristic is due to the improvement on its thermal stability.

69. The Thermal Stability Evaluation of Anti-explosive Ammonium Nitrate by Accelerating Rate Calorimeter

SHEN Li-jin~(1, 2), WANG Xu-guang~2
1. University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing100083, China
2. Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Beijing100044, China

70. Effect of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber on Nitroglycerin Migration from propellant to EPDM Inhibitor

CHEN Bao-xi, LI Jian-jun, MIAO Cai-qin
Shanxi Xing'an Chemical Industry CO, LTD, Taiyuan 030008, China

Abstract: The effect of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene's contents in EPDM rubber inhibitor formulations on the inhibitor's performance of resisting nitroglycerin migration is investigated by intermediate layer method. It is showed that the content of aerylonitrile-butadiene rubber in EPDM rubber inhibitor had significant impact on the inhibitor's performance, the best content value is between 20%～25%.

71. Effect of Feeding Ways of Intermittent Kneading with Semi-solvent Method on the Technology and Performance of Finished Product of Triple Base Propellant

DUAN Jun
Shanxi Xing′an Chemical Industries (Group) Corp., Taiyuan 030008, China

Abstract: An investigation was made on the technological stability of different feeding ways of intermittent kneading with semi-solvent method for triple base propellants, on their mechanical properties and on the photographs of microstructure electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the loading way of feeding nitroguanidine(NQ)filler and solvent at first to disperse nitroguanidine uniformly and wet it sufficiently in solvent, then adding binder of double base powder flakes is the most stable technology process, and the finished product has an optimized mechanical properties and microstructure. The cause of instability of kneading process and bad performance of finished product are also discussed.

72. Surface Characteristic of JO-9159 Explosive Pillar by Accelerate Aging Test

XU Tao, CHENG Ke-mei, CHEN Shu-dong
Institute of Chemical Materials, Academy of Engineering Physics of China, Mianyang 621900, China

Abstract: JO-9159 explosive charge has been aged for four months under conditions of 65℃, and less than 40%RH. The surface characteristics of the explosive charge such as morphology, free energy and structure before and after being aged have been determined by using non-destructive measurements. The results show that the molecule structure on surface has varied unconspiciously, while the morphology has changed and the surface free energy is getting to decrease with the aging time prolonging.

73. Absorption Properties of Solid Phase Microextraction for the Trace Gas from Explosives

YANG Xiu-lan, XU Rui -juan, LUO Shun-huo
Institute of Chemical Materials, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China

Abstract: Six kinds of absorbant of solid phase microextraction (SPME) have been used to study the outgas from explosives molding powder aging under the condition of 120℃. The extraction and absorption properties of these SPMEs and quantifying the gas components have been researched by using a SPME coupled GC/MS analytical technique. The results show that SPMEs can absorb selectively and preconcentrate the trace organic volatiles and other outgas from explosives and its pertinent materials storing at different conditions. The solid phase microextraction of 75 μm CB/PDMS is used to analyze the trace gas from the explosives aging under the condition of 75℃. The results show that SPMEs can absorb and preconcentrate the trace components of organic volatiles and other gases over 1 000 times. It is a very useful method to research the outgas from explosives.

74. Composition Design of Aerosol Generating Agent and Fire Extinguishing Mechanism

YANG Jie
Southern Yangtse University, Wuxi 214036, China

Abstract: Through studying the smoke fire-extinguishing agent and the power fire-extinguishing agent, the selection principle of major composition fire-extinguishing mechanism of aerosol generating agent were discussed, the basic composition of aerosol generating agent was confirmed by orthogonal experiment. The effect of fire-extinguishing test accords with the requirement.

75. High Energy and High Strength Propellant Compositon

XU Wanyu, HE Weidong, WANG Zeshan
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: The high energy and high strength propellant has been discussed through theory and experiments, and its main meshwork has been established as polyether poitamine ester with mixed nitric acid ester as plasticizing agent. The basic component has been studied. The combustion and dynamoic properties of the propellant with typical component have been simply tested. The results show that the polyether poitamine ester propellant has higher energy(propellant force can be 1251 kJ/kg) and better dynamic property expecially at low temperature. The processing method of this propellant has also been studied primarily. The multiperforated propellants have been produced with extrusion method. These types propellants will be in prospect of application.

76. The Stable Control of Putting Oil in Automatic

WANG Yong, WANG Xiao dong
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: Automatic putting oil by DSC control system in the nitration process of the nitroglycerine spraying was introduced . The unstability of the control circuit caused by hysteresis in the nitride process was solved by intellectual control technology.

77. A New Type of Low Detonation Velocity Explosives for Explosive Welding

AN Li Chang
Liaoning Technology University, Fuxin 123000, China

Abstract: A new type of low detonation velocity explosives for explosive welding is mainly companed of No.2 AN rock water resistant explosive, and is being properly combined with cooling agent and densityadjusting agent to decline its detonation velocity and density, so as to meet the demand of doublemetals explosive welding. This type of explosive has fine safe property and reliable explosive property and its detonation velocity can be adjusted through changing the content of cooling agent and denstyadjusting agent.

78. Explosive Cutting of PMMA

YUAN Bao hui, HU Kai, XIAO Chuan, LIU Hui ling
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The principle of explosive cutting PMMA was introduced. The calculation model of explosive charge for cuting PMMA was given. A shapad charge device for exactly cutting PMMA was designed and verified by experiments. New application of shaped charge for explosive cutting nonmetallic materials was developed.

79. A Composite Industrial Explosive Based on Waste Propellants and Emulsion Explosive

CHEN Hou he, PEI Yan min, MA Hui hua
Nanjing University of Science and Technoloy, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: A composite industrial explosive based on waste propellant and emulsion explosive was presented. The detonation velocities of composite industrial explosive containing waste nitrocellulose 10%～40% are 4 500～5 300 m/s with the density of 0.95～1.21 g/cm3. The results show this technology is safe and economic for reclamation of waste propellants.

80. An Estimation on the Storage Life of Flexible Explosive

TANG Gui
fang, WANG Xiaofeng, HENG Shuyun
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: Based on the regularities of the permanent destortion along with time and temperature, the storage life of flexible explosive FEX1 under room temperature was estimated in the light of accelerated aging tests under higher temperature and the corresponding mechanical properties. The estimated value was 11.8 years.

81. Small Size Globular Propellants Prepared Through Modified SF Propellants

CAI Sheng, WANG Ze shan
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China

Abstract: Some aspects about the manufacture technology and performance of the modified SF small size globular propellants for shooting device bullet are discussed in this paper. It focuses on the effects of stir speed and the vaporization speed of the preprative process on the granularity and density of the powder. It also shows the quantitative test results of the small size globular propellant's particle distribution and the combustion heat value and the shooting velocity of relative shooting device bullet.

82. Wire Line Explosive Recondition Technology of Downhole Breakdown Casing through Tubing

LIU Hai Yang, WU Jie ling
ZPEB Downhole Special Operation Service Company. Puyang 457061, China

Abstract: The basic principle of the wire line explosive recondition technology is introduced. The different explosive charge and operation techniques are analyzed. Based on the theory calculation and the simulating experiment, an effective recondition technology and its development foreground are discussed.

83. Factors on the Goodness of Mixing for Propellant Slurry During the Processing of Twin-screw Extruding

HE Ji yu
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China

Abstract: The effect of barrel temperature, screw rotational speed, screws mixing elements and its assembled configuration on the goodness of mixing have been investigated during the processing of twinscrew extruder. It is concluded that the temperature of the first segment barrel, screw rotational speed and screw mixing elements and its assembled configuration are very important to the goodness of mixing.

84. A Prediction on the Physical Aging Life of NEPE-5 Propellant

FAN Xi ping, LIU Zi ru, SUN Li xia
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The effect of physical aging on the dynamic mechanical properties of NEPE5 was determined with dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The change of the dynamic properties was analyzed as the chief mode of failure. Storage modulus, storage compliance and loss compliance of various aged NEPE5 can be shifted along the frequency axis (x axis) to generate superposition master curves according to the timetemperature superposition principle. The vertical shift factors can be obtained by shifting those master curves of NEPE5 aged for different days along y axis to the master curve of unaged sample. The shift rate can be determined by plotting the vertical shift factors against the aging time. With the increase of aging time, there is a sudden increase or decrease in the vertical shift factors. The point of sudden change which corresponds to the aging time is considered as the time of failure. The activation energy of aging was also calculated through the WLF equation and the physical aging life of NEPE5 propellant was predicted by the so called "point slope" method.

85. Suggestion on Studying Hazard Classification of High Energy Solid Propellants

WANG Xiaofeng, WANG Qin hui, WANG Ning fei
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: High energy solid propellants contain a large amount of high energy explosive compounds, so safety during their manufacture, storage, transportation and operation must be considered carefully. In this paper, hazard classification methods of explosive materials in foreign countries are introduced. Based on analyzing our country's standards concerned, the suggestion on studying hazard classification of high energy solid propellants is put forward.

86. Study on Probability of Double Base Propellant for Airbag Inflation

SUN Zhi gang, LI Zhao yang
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The study is made to reduce the combustion gas temperature of doublebase propellants through chemical and physical refrigerants to 200℃ to meet the request of leather airbag. The feasibility about lowering the interior and exterior temperatures of the doublebase propellant combustion chamber is discussed. Meanwhile, the problem of the device is also analyzed.

87. Prediction of Safe Life of Propellant by Artificial Neural Networks

LU Yanlong, CAO Yingjun, TIAN Chunlei
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China

Abstract: Based on analyzing the endpoint criterion of storage life of propellant and the factors that affect storage life of propellant including the energy performance, temperature and humidity of storage enviroment, the storage life of propellant is predicted by means of artificial neural networks.

88. The Explosion Hardening Research of NK-EH500 Hardened and Tempered Steel

LIU Yu cun, WANG Zuo Shan, WANG Jian hua
Dept. of Environment and Safety Engineering, North China Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: Hardness of NK EH500 steel after the explosion hardness experiments was studied by use of shock dynamics theories. The results show that the hardness of metal material is limit by explosion hardening , the Varied hardness can be acquired by changing the constitutes of explosive in order to adjust explosion pressure and the duration, test isolation benefit protecting the complete appearance of workpiece. It is theoretically significant to the development of material explosion hardening in application.

89. Determination of Maximum Experimental Safe Gap of Mineral Firedamp

MA Gui chun, ZHANG Jing lin, TAN Ying xin, ZHANG Xiao chun
North China Institute of Technology Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: In this paper, a test system and equipment for determining the maximum experimental safe gap (MESG)of mineral firedamp is given . The separating explosion explosion external case of electrical equipment that is produced by this data an prevent the occurrence of firedamp explosion. The research results are very important for the production of coal mining in safety.

90. Investigation on Hydrogrnolysis of Hexabenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

CHEN Iian zhong; FANG Tao, GUO Xiao hong, ZHAO Xin qi
School of chemical engineering and materials, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: Bromotoluene ( o, m, and p-mixtures in) stead of bromobezene and so on stated in literature as the bromin source materals in hydrogenolysis of hexabenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane (HBIW) have been studied. The mothpd increases yield of hydrogenolysis, decreases toxicity and amount of bromin source materials used and is suitable for scale-up production.

91. Accident Analysis for Nitrobenzene Rectifying Reboiler Explosion

SHENG Ying xia, SHA Xi dong, ZHANG Li jing
Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China

Abstract: The main generals of nitrobenzene rectifying reboiler explosion has been introduced. According to the relative material properties of nitrobenzene and explosion theory, the process of accident has been analyzed and the possible reasons have been put forward. The mechanism of explosion has been discussed. At last, the correlative safety measures have been recommended.

92. The Novel Process Applied to a Heat-resistant Caseless Ammunition

TENG Xue feng, LI Xu li, WANG Guo qiang
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: A novel process, kneading, extruding, curing and foaming and lathe processing was adopted to develop caseless ammunition propellant grain. Initial velocity and gun pressure of the propellant grain were determined by ballistic gun. The results show that the propellant grin meet operating requirements.

93. Analysis of the Safety Property of Smokeless Firework Powders

LIU Yu hai, PAN Ren ming
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: This thesis analyses the safety of expired military powders, and points out selection standards of expired military powders used to make smokeless fireworks. Based on experiments testing, the effects of moisture on the mechanic sensitivity of smokeless powders and combustion of the sprays and the compatibility between smokeless firework powders and efficacies were studied. The research provides experimental basis for the safety use of smokeless firework powders.

94. Experimental Study of Big entry hole charge for Petroleum

WANG Yan ping, HUANG Yin sheng, JIANG Yan dong
Naning University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: Based on experiment , this paper centers on the study of the 24 mm big entry hole charge from two major aspects: the liner and the type of explosive, Relevant fundamental data provided here for the research and development of big entry hole charge.

95. Study on Freeze-Proof Rock Expanded AN Explosive

HU Bing cheng, L U•• Chun xu , LIU Zu liang
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: The method of manufacturing freeze proof rock expanded AN explosive through reducing the solidifying point of composite oil phase is introduced in this paper. The freezing resistance of several freeze proof agents are tested and analyzed and the optimum formulation of the freeze proof composite oil phase and the relevant explosive are determined . The results show that this explosive still has fine physical and explosive properties after it has been kept in store with low temperature.

96. Analysis of the Pressing Process of Several Granular Explosives

TIAN Li yan, XU Geng guang, WANG Ting zeng
School of Mechatronic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: In this paper, a exponential equation ρ s=1-a 1 exp (-b 1P)-a 2 exp (-b 2P) is presented, which can describe the rule of charge density varying with the compression pressure, though analyzing the whole pressing process of several granule explosives in detail. It is accurate in the whole range (from zero to infinite) of pressure. It can be applied to various granular explosives such as JHL 2?RT 1?TNT?8701和A IX 2 and so on. It is of practical value for engineering

97. Study on Screw Extruded Energetic Propellant with Low Signature

LIU Suo en, DU Bao yu, ZHANG jian
Shanxi Xing′an Factory of Chemical Materials, Taiyuan 030008, China

Abstract: The major characteristics and key technology about a new propellant with high energy and low signature are described, it is successfully studied by the screw extrusion technology recently.

98. Study on Explosive Hoop-weld Technique of Downhole Casing of Oil Field
(OIL)
SONG Pu
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The part explosive hoop weld technique was used for mending destroy casing on downhole of oil field. And a simply maths model was obtained. When the equation was solved by suitable boundary conditions, the fit explosive charge was obtained. It is worthy of apply on engineering.

99. Study on the Relationship Between the High Energy Gas-fracture and the Physical Properties of Oil Layer
(OIL)
SHAO Chong bin, FAN Xue zhong, WU Shu xin
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The principle of high energy gas fracture and the application of it to test sites in oil fields were described. The effects of the physical properties of oil later on the efficiency of fracture were analyzed. It was found that different oil layers are employed by different technologies. And these methods can be used as references for the selection of oil wells or oil layers.

100. The Big Hole Perforation Forming Fissure Technique and Application
(OIL)
SHI Jian, SHAO Qi, YU Chao yang
(Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: This paper deals with the design, research and application of a kind of new technique on the big hole perforation in oil well and forming fissure in oil layer. The technique is suitable for the use of general collect in thick oil well. This paper elucidates the function principle, a basis construction and the technology distinctive feature of the new technique. This paper give the experiment data on several oil well. The result shows that the productivity of oil well increases by using the new technique.

101. Advance of Study of Storage Life for Rocket Composite Solid Propellant

SHI Dong mei, DU Shi guo, DENG Hui
Ordnance Engineering College, Shijiazhuang 050003, China

Abstract: In this paper, the theory of aging of HTPB propellant is reviewed. The method on Anhenius formula, method of thermal aging void content, ge1 analysis, dynamic modulus analysis, CT identification are stressly recounted.

102. Discussion on Stability of Emulsion Explosives

SONG Jin quan, WANG Xu guang
Beijing General Research Institute of Mining & Metallurgy, Beijing 100044, China

Abstract: Stability of emulsion explosives (EE) is an important index on evaluating the quantity of EE, it is also an important problem of EE research. In this paper, several common methods used to evaluate the stability of EE are briefly introduced, advantages and disadvantages of those are reviewed. Main factors affecting the stability of EE are analyzed and ways improving the stability of EE are presented. The discussion will be helpful for manufacture and research of EE.

103. Study on New Type Expanded Ammoniun Nitrate Sulfur Commercial Explosive

LU Ming
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: A kind of new type expanded ammonium nitrate sulfur commercial explosives is manufactured from expanded ammonium nitrate, sulfur, wood powder and feul oil. The formulation of this kind of new commercial explosive is the calculated result of the mathematical model for formulaton design and optimization of powdery commercial explosives. The theoretic parameters and actual explosion properties of this kind of new commercial explosive are compared with that of some commercial explosives which are being used in our country, it is shown that new type expanded ammonium nitrate sulfur commercial explosive possesses low cost and excellent explosion properties.

104. Investigation of the Raw TNT Applicated in Industrial Explosive

SONG Yong shuang, XU Jun pei, XU Geng guang
The Beijing Instituste of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: The article state that the raw TNT is applicated in industrial explosive with the new method. The property of newly explosive is measured. The result is testified that the raw TNT can be manufactured to industrial explosive with reliable property.

105. Study on Thermal Conductivity Measurement of Propelling Charge in Ammunition

LU Gui e, JIANG Jin yong, LIU Li bin, CHEN Ming hua
Ordnance Technology Institute, Shijiazhuang 050000, China

Abstract: Thermal conductivity of propelling charge in ammunition was measured with a method which can simulate real condition of propelling charge in store and provided a basis for studying the safety of aummunition in storage.

106. On-line Measurement of the Content of Nitric Acid in Mixed Acids Using Dielectric Method

SONG Yu bing, REN Qian, HUANG You zhi
Bejing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: When the components content in mixed acids is changed, the permittivity will vary. The dielectric sensor can transform the permittivity into capacitance and resistance value. The capacitance and resistance value can be measured by the hardware system equiped with software. The mathematical model is built to show the relationship between the content and capacitance resistance value. Thus the object of on line measurement can be achieved based on the method.

107. Process Study on Disposal Solid Composite Propellant in Applying Critical Fluid Extraction Technology

GAO Xing yong, GONG Yong xiao, DU Shi guo, LU Guo qing
Ordnance Engineering College, Shijiazhuang 050003, China

Abstract: Foreign country has been successful in applying critical fluid extraction technology for demilitarization of solid propellant and explosive. This paper introduced the process of critical fluid extraction technology through demilitarization of rocket motors containing ammonium percholrate (AP) composite propellants. The demilitarization process consists of four step. Step one involves removing the AP propellant from the rocket motor. Step two extracts AP and separates the AP/liquid ammonia solution from binder residue. Step three recovers the AP by evaporating the ammonia. Step four condenses the ammonia vapor and recycles the liquid ammonia for a continuous removal/extraction operation.

108. A Kind of New Green Nitration Technology

L U Zao sheng, L U Chun xu
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: We have summarized research achievement of ozonemediated nitration with nitrogen dioxide since 1980 in this paper. The technology have been studied in laboratory, and the results show that the technology can be applied to almost all aromatic ring nitration, and it is the promising nitration technology which replace traditional mixed acid nitration technology. How to make the technology industrialization is the focus of future research. Nitration reaction is a elementary operating unit of chemical industry, if the technology is industrialized, it will bring an immense society profit.

109. A NEW Manufacturing Method of CL-20 Primitive Amine

ZHANG Shu ying, GUO Yang wen, Zhang Jun liang
The Chinese People's Armed Police Force Academy, Langfang 065000, China

Abstract: The paper provides a process for producting benzylamine in which benzylchloride reacts with concentrated ammonia water in the presence of an aromatic aldehyde acted as a side reaction inhibitor, the yield of benzylamine is higher than 70% and high quality product can be obtained in a simple way. Using concentrated ammonia water as reactant, the volume of the reactant remarkably reduecd, and the ability of productive capability is improved. With this new process benzylamine can be produced with low cost and high yield in simple facilities.

110. Regeneration Technique of Waste or Obsolete Hexogen

SHEN Xian feng, SHI Yun kai
Xi'an Military Agency, Xi'an 710032, China

Abstract: By means of the recrystallization technology with acetone, the regeneration of waste or obsolete hexogen(RDX)is studied. The refined RDX comes up to the national military standard. A new way is suggested for rationally using the obsolete explosives.

111. Effects of Storage ageing on Damage Energies of HTPB Propellants

WANG Chun hua, PENG Wang da, WENG Wu jun, ZHANG Ren
National University of Defence Technology, Changsha 410073, China

Abstract: The relationships between damage energies of HTPB propellants and storage ageing time were investigated by uniaxial repeated tensile test. The results indicate that bonding antiaging additives can enhance interfacial cohesive effect between the oxidizer and the binder, thus damage energies of propellants are lower than its of propellant containing antioxidant H.

112. Application of Pulse Transporting NG

LI Jun you, WU Xiang
Sichuan Chuanan Chemistry Factory, Jiangan 644219, China

Abstract: The transfusion used to pulse transporting NG and the method used to calculate and test the pulse of water and NG is introduced in the paper. The transport time of the water and NG section can be precisely found.

113. Study on Stability of the Caseless Ammunition

YIN Ya xia, XU Sai long, XIAO Zhong liang, ZHANG Xu zhu
North china Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030051, China

Abstract: This paper synthetically compares stability of the caseless ammunition with several common propellants by means of the differential thermal analysis, the explosion temperature of five seconds test and the weight loss test, and gets the qualitative and quantitative results of the caseless ammunition's stability. This result is very important to get a suitable prescription, storage and practical use for the caseless ammunition.

114. A Technology of Manufacturing Expanded Ammonium Nitrate

HUI Jun ming
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: In this paper, the ways of manufacturing sensitive ammonium nitrate(AN) are indicated. The mechanism of AN crystals by use of vacuum expand technology, and expanding equipment and the action of expanding agents are emphasis.Improved technical conditions are determined. The method of improving crystallization properties of AN by use of surface active agents is a key of manufactring excellent expanding AN explosive which is called no-containing TNT or less TNT ammonium nitrate explosive.It may also be the best technical way of manufacturing explosives.

115. Influence of Water on Property of HFZ Powdery Explosive

WEI Xiao an, WANG Ze shan
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: In this paper, the origin of water in powdery explosive from obsolete propellants were introduced, the effect of character from water was showed.When explosive was stored, the reason of water drop was explained. At last, the measures of stabilized water were provided.

116. Research of Flexible Manufacturing Technology on the Production of Propellant

YAN Fei, LI Yu dong, MOU Jing hai
Liaoning Qingyang Chemical Industrial Co, Lialyang 111002, China

Abstract: The article absorbes the flexible technology and experiment on application of the machinary and the abroad propellant production, unites with the practice of the domestic weapon used propellant production, studies the feasibility of flexible production technology applied on the production of propellant, and researches the reluctant process test, process parameter optimization and mathmatical mould of the flexible production unit.

117. Design Theories on Solid Rocket Propellants Well-washing Equipment
(OIL)
GUAN Hong jun, CAO Chuan xin, SONG Hong chang
Nanjing Engineering Institute, Nanjing 210007, China

Abstract: A new style equipment based on solid rocket propellants designed for ground water well washing was introduced in this paper. The design theories include its well washing actions and the energy characters of the propellants have been discussed in detail. An economic assessments offered in this paper showed that use this equipment would get higher comprehensive benefit. The design can be applied to oil well and coal well as well.

118. Determination of Content of Deterrent in Propellant by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

LI Xiao min, SUN Yi zhou, HUA Wan sen
Institute of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Sci & Tech, Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: In the paper the deterrent content and the concentration of diphenylamine dibutyl phthalate and centralite Ⅱ in finished product manufactured by two different methods were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, which can provide reference for adjusting the technology of the propellant manufacture.

119. The Effect Factors of the Extrudate Temperature during the Processing of Twin screw Extruder

HE Ji yu, CHEN Shao zhen, DAI Jian wu
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: In the thesis, the effect factors of the extrudate temperature have been researched during the processing of twin screw extruder. These are the basis of studying critical processing temperature for propellants.

120. Experience and Research for Determining Nitroesters in Combustible Cartridge Case with Indicator Strip

WANG Jun bo, WEN Jian, XU Lu tie
Ordnance Engineering College, Shijiazhuang 050003, China

Abstract: Basing on nitroester migration theory in combustible cartridge case (CCC) during its long storage, the method of using indicator strip to determine extent of nitroester migration was suggested. The article presented the configuration and facture, processed elementary experience. The experimental results proved correctness of theory and feasibility of method.

121. Pulsed Plasma Technology Application in the Preliminary Research of TNT Degradation

XU Zheng, XIA Lian sheng, LIU Xiao chun
China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621000, China

Abstract: A pulsed plasma discharge device has been built up to apply in the research of TNT wastewater degradation and the products of TNT decomposition are distinguished by GC MS technique. The results of experiment show the initial concentration of TNT of 25ppm and 50ppm can be quickly and effectively degraded by the 150 times pulsed plasma discharge. A degradation efficiency of 80% and 70% respective can be obtained. At the same time, we infer a decomposition mechanism of the transforming of TNT first time.

122. A Study of Storage Stability of Emulsion Explosive

XUE Yan, LIU Ji ping, OU Yu xiang, WEI Ping
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract: In this paper scan electronmicroscope was used to observe emulsion explosive in storage for obtaining some knowledge of its change with structure. New methods of increasing the stability of emulsion explosive were put forward.

123. Evaluation Method of Low Vulnerability Explosive

LI Jin qing
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: In this paper, the evaluation method of low vulnerability(LOVA) explosive is discussed. The safety factors possibly presented in the process of study, manufacture, transport, storage and use of the explosive and its productions are analyzed. Scientific evaluation methods of low vulnerability of explosive are suggested.

124. Study on Modified ANFO Explosive

CHEN Tiang yun, LU Chun xu, TAN Xiao gang
Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094, China

Abstract: In this paper, a modified AN having a lot of micro hole is made through modification of common industrial AN. The physical and explosive properties of the modified ANFO are gone deep into study. The results show that the modified ANFO has lower hygroscopicity and lower caking capacity and high absorbing oil capacity and not seepage oil capacity, and it is a kind of new industrial explosion of high explosion sensitivity and better explosive properties.

125. Process Study on Reducing Pore in Production of Solid Composite Propellant

ZHAO Yong xiang, ZHAO Lian qi
Section of the PAL Representation in Factory 845, Xi'an 710302, China

Abstract: This article analyzed causes of Pore appearing in a certain type of solid composite propellant production due to process and proposed some effective process measures and control requirements which have been proved by production practice and to be instructive to similar process of solid composite propellant production at present.

126. Explosion Action for Marking Crack on Rock in Well

ZHANG Kuan hu, ZHANG Zhi an, HUI Chen
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China

Abstract: The action principle of explosion in well is analysed in theory and the feasibility of making cracks in the rock under water is also discussed in the thesis. A series of experiments which can get more water through explosion have been conducted in the water shortage area. The results shows reliability of explosion for more water.

127. Cross link Test for the Appropriate Composition of Gas Generating Agent for Automobile Safety Airbag

Huang Yinsheng Dai Shizhi Shen Ruiqi Ye Yinhua
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094

Abstract: Background of combustion chamber pressure. the pressure rise rate and time in the closed bomb test and firing surface temperature. the appropriate composition of gas generating agent for automobile safety airbag is got by the cross link test method . with NaN; and KClO 4 as the primary composition.

128. Discussion for Storage Reliability of Semi combustible Cartridge Ammunition

Wang Junbo Zhao Xiaoli Guo Fangjun
The Ordnance Engineering College, Shijiazhuang 050003

Abstract: This paper discuss the selection of typical ammunition and storage test environment, sets up safety model and reliablity model about semi combustible cartridge, presents the test items of storage reliability, and preliminarily determines the sampling opportunity and sample book quantity.

129. A Study of Slurry Explosives Containing Obsolete Double base Propellants

Gu Jianliang Wang Zeshan
School of Chemical Engineering, NUST, Nanjing 210094

Abstract: By selecting double base aromatic 3 propellants as an object of study, the formulation and properties of industrial slurry explosives which is made from obsolete double base ropellants are discussed in this paper. In addition, the reasonable method of reusing obsolete double base propellants is reported.

130. Production Technique and Quality Control of Rock Expanded Ammonium Nitrate
Explosive

Lu Ming Lu Chunxu Liu Zuliang
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Naijing 210094

Abstract: Rock expanded ammonium nitrate explosive is a new type of powder industrial explosive. This kind of explosive consists of expanded ammonium nitrate, wood powder and composite fuel oil. Expanded ammonium nitrate is prepared through vaccum crystalization technology with the aid of surfactants from common ammonium nitrate. In this paper, the production technology of rock expanded ammonium nitrate is introduced, effects on the quality of expanded ammonium nitrate and rock expanded ammonium nitrate explosive are discussed.

131. Preliminary Study on the Treatment of TNT Redwater by Wet Peroxide Oxidation under Normal Pressure

Huang Jun Tang wanYing Zhou Shenfan
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094

Abstract: A new process of wet peroxide oxidation under normal pressure using cooperating catalyst or using new ferrous catalyst is provided, and is introduced into the study on TNT red water treatment. This technique has the advantages such as good effect, short time required, safe and reliable operation. The results of the experiment proves the possibility in technique and shows a good application future.

132. Investigation of Isostatic Pressing Procedure for Explosive JB9014e

Zhang Desan
Institute of Chemical Materials, CAEP, Chengdu 610003

Abstract: The effect of pressure, temperature, repressing times and dwell time on the charge density of an insensitive high explosive JB9014e was investigated and the optimum technology parameters were obtained.

133. Study and Application on the Technology of the Shaped Charge Efficiency to Cut and to Make an Opening of Casing Pipe

Zhang Zhian Zhang Kuanhu Hui Chen
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065

Abstract: Using the shaped charge efficiency of explosive and face symmetry filling cutting thoery, study about the series connection cutter effect to the casing pipe of oil well. The way can be used as a new techinical method to make an opening in the casing pipe in the mining underground salt deposit and in the oil gas well side drilling.

134. Research on Expanded Mechanism of Ammonium Nitrate

Lu Chunxu Liu Zuliang Ye Zhiwen
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094

Abstract: The composition and characteristics of rock expanded ammonium nitrate explosive i.e. a new type of powder industrial explosive are briefly described in this paper. Expanded mechanism of ammonium nitrate is proposed. Influence factors and results of expansion with or without surfactants are discussed.

135. The State of Approach to Disposal and Utilization of Obsolete Explosives and Propellants

Zhang lihua Wang Zeshan
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094

Abstract: Quatities of obsolete explosives and propellants due to strategic reserves and renewal of weapons are a potential hazard as well as utilizable resource. Several countries have studied the methods of disposing and reusing these obsolete energetic materials in different aspects. In this paper, all the disposal methods are summarized to three categories: incineration method, physical method and chemical method.

136. Effects of two new Types Bonding Agents on Improving Mechanical Properties of AP/HTPB Propellants

Wang Chunhua Peng Wangda Zhang Ren
National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073

Abstract: In the paper the effects of two new types bonging agents on improving mechanical properties of AP/HTPB composite solid propellants by uniaxial tensile test were investigated, At the same time, the effects on processability properties of propellants were studies too. These results have shown that two new types bonging agents canobviously improve mechanical properties of AP/HTPB propellants and have good processabity properties.

137. The Influence of Temperature and Humidity on Moisture Absorption and Deliquescence Property of Black Powder

Han Qiwen Du Shiguo
Ordnance Engineering College, Shijiazhuang 050003

Abstract: The burning property of black powder will be influenced, once moisture absorption or deliquescence. It leads to firing difficulty, burning velocity and flame strength decrease, even miss fire, thus brings about some harmful effects to service property of black powder. The service reliability and the storage lifetime of ammunition or component filled black powder depend on moisture absorption and deliquescence of black powder to a great extent. The paper studies the influence of temperature and relative humidity on moisture absorption and deliquescence.

138. An Investigation of Properties of TNT/RDX Explosives after Long Term Storage

Li Wen Jin Shaohua Song Quancai
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081 [WT5”HZ]

Abstract: A study has been made of the properties of TNT/RDX explosives composition after long term storage. DTA, Kast drop hammer equipment and stress determining system have been used respectively to investigate the thermal decomposition change of compositions in the period of storage, impact sensitivity and the relation of stress time of explosives powder under impact. The results obtained show that there are not any obvious changes for samples storaged after 25, 22, 19, 15 years respectively. The change of decomposition kinetic parameters is at the range of 0.5%～5.3%;impact sensitivity is at the range of 2%～16%(standard military condition);RDX content is at the range of 1%～8.6%.

139. Research about Press Shaping Process of a Charge Disc with Small Ratio of Length to Radius

Liao Zhengquan Hu Huangxing
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research institute, 710065

Abstract: This paper reveals that the key technical condition of pressing the charge disc with small ratio of length to radius by a steel die is to realize the reasonable dispersion of moulding powder charged on the cross section of the disc. The problem can be solved to design a bidirectional steel die with fixed travel , and to get a resonable washer thickness and a good scraper structure.

140. A Novel and Highly Efficient Catalytic System for Trinitration of Aromatic Compounds: Ytterbium Perfluorooctanesulfonate and Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid in Fluorous Solvents.

Yi, W. -B.1 [Chemical Engineering College, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China], Cai, C.1 [Chemical Engineering College, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China], Journal of Energetic Materials; Apr-Jun2007, Vol. 25 Issue 2, p129-139

Abstract: Ytterbium perfluorooctanesulfonate [Yb(OPf)3] and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid [PfOH] catalyze the highly efficient nitric acid polynitration of aromatic compounds in fluorous media, affording trinitro derivatives even in a single stage. The reactions produce smaller amounts of waste acid than in traditional processes. The fluorous phase containing catalysts could be easily and efficiently recovered for reuse by simple phase separation.

141. Approach to the Catalytic Mechanism of Fullerene in Propellants

Gao Fan [Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of china, Hefei, P.R. China]; Li Shufen [Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of china, Hefei, P.R. China], Journal of Energetic Materials, Volume 21, Issue 1 January 2003 , pages 33 – 41

Abstract: Through burning rate experiments and thermal analysis, the influence of adding three forms of carbon--carbon black, C 60 , and fullerene soot--separately in double-based propellants is studied. It is shown that C 60 and fullerene soot enhance the burning rate of double-based propellants and broaden the plateau region. By the AM1 method calculation, an attractive force between C 60 and NO is proved, which suggests a catalytic effect of fullerene on NO reduction, in contrast with a repellent force between graphite structure and NO. From analysis of the molecular structure of fullerene and its bonding ability, the catalytic mechanism of Pb x C 60 active sites is posed to explain why C 60 and fullerene soot have better catalytic effects than carbon black in a Pb-Cu-carbon black catalytic system in double-based propellants.

142. Preparation of HMX by Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid Catalyzed Nitrolysis of Hexamethylenetetramine in Fluorous Media

Wen-Bin Yi [Chemical Engineering College, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094 (China], Chun Cai [Chemical Engineering College, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094 (China], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 34: 161–165.

Abstract: Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (CF3(CF2)7SO3H, PFOS) efficiently catalyzes the nitrolysis of hexamethylenetetramine in fluorous media, affording a good yield of the explosive HMX. The reaction can be carried out without acetic anhydride or acetic acid. The fluorous phase containing the catalyst could be easily separated and can be reused several times without significant loss of catalytic activity.

143. Research and Development of Powder Industrial Explosives in China

Chunxu Lu [China Institute of Industrial Explosive Materials, Nanjing 210094 (P. R. China], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 24: 27–29.

Abstract: In this paper, status of powder industrial explosives in China is described. On the basis of scientific research of China Institute of Industrial Explosive Materials (China IIEM) non-TNT or oligo-TNT Ammonium Nitrate explosive, especially rock expanded Ammonium Nitrate explosive, is emphatically discussed and several points of view about further development of powder industrial explosives in our country are stated.

143. Manufacturing Process for the Spherical RDX with Particle Size from 150 μm to 180 μm

JING Chang-lun, XU Fu-ming, JIA Hong-xuan and HOU Yong, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(2):194~197

Abstract: The recrystallization process of RDX from concentrated nitric acid was studied to prepare the spherical RDX with particle size of 150-180 μm. The manufacturing process conditions are: RDX 35 kg, concentrated nitric acid (97) 135 kg, stirring rate 240 r•min-1, the first diluent: dilute nitric acid (50%) dosage 80 kg, adding rate 8 kg•min-1, temperature 45 ℃, heat preservation 10 min； the second diluent: water dosage 126 kg, adding rate14 kg•min-1, temperature 55 ℃. Results show that the content of particle size of RDX crystals from 150 μm to 180 μm are 69.3% by using the recrystallization process mentioned above.

144. Microstructure and Formation Mechanism of PBX Chips

TANG Wei, LI Ming, YAN Bin, ZHAO Yong-zhong, ZHANG Qiu, LIU Wei and ZHAO Xiao-dong, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(3):307~311

Abstract: Studying on microstructure of PBX chips and its formation mechanism is helpful to understand the forming process of machined surface. It′s of a great significance to guarantee and improve machining surface quality. The laser particle size analyzer was employed to detect PBX chips samples. It shows that the average size of chips which prepared by turning with cutting fluid is larger than that prepared by dry turning，the size increases with feed and decreases with the elevation of machine spindle revolutions，and has no obvious relationship to turning depth. Through the observation via scanning electron microscope，we can discover that chips mainly have three types of micro-shapes like acicular，massive and squamose，its formation corresponds to PBX macro-fracture which caused by the nucleation and growth of crack and mainly embodied as transgranular fracture of explosive particles. The detection of PBX samples sub-surface through industrial CT suggests that the crack propagation path points to workpiece surface generally，it relates to relative movement state between cutting tool and workpiece，and relates to structural boundary conditions of workpiece too. The phenomenological chip formation model can help to master its formation mechanism.

145. Degradation of Unsymmetrialdimethy Hydrazine Wastewater by UV-Fenton Process

JIA Ying, LI Yi and ZHANG Qiu-yu, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(3):365~368

Abstract: UV-Fenton process was applied to oxidize the unsymmetrialdimethy hydrazine(UDMH) wastewater. The optimal manufacturing process and the primary factors contribute to the UV-Fenton oxidation were determined by orthogonal experiments with removal efficiencies of the UDMH and COD in wastewater as two main monitor index，and the removal efficiencies of UDMH wastewater of five kinds of reaction systems were compared. Results show that when initial H2O2 is 1.5 times of the theoretical quantity(1.5 Qth)，the molar ratio of Fe2+ to H2O2 is 1：10，pH value is 3.5，room temperature is 25 ℃，and the reaction time is 45 min，the removal effciency of UDMH and COD is over 99% and 95.8% respectively. The change curves of degradation intermediate products CN- and HCHO and the UV-visible spectroelectrochemistry spectra of UDMH wastewater degradation processes were studied. Results show that UV-Fenton process is efficient in UDMH wastewater treatment.

146. Selective Nitration of Toluene at Presence of New Acidic Ionic Liquids Catalysts

LIU Li-rong, ZHI Hui-zhen, LUO Jun and Lü Chun-xu, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(6):717~721

Abstract: Two new acidic ionic liquids catalysts-HNIL•NO3- and HNIL•HSO4- were employed as Lewis acid catalysts for nitration of toluene. The effects of kind of catalyst, dosage of catalyst, nitrated reaction time and temperature, acetic anhydride and recovered catalyst, etc. on the selectivity of nitration of toluene were investigated. With 95% nitric acid as nitrating reagent and CCl4 as solvent at the presence of acetic anhydride. The results show high selectivity when the temperature is controlled at 55 ℃, and the nitrated reaction time is 60 min. The o/p (ratio of ortho to paro isomer of toluene nitration ) ratio is 1.12 in product distribution of toluene nitration. It is lower than1.67 using sulfonitric acid as catalyst. The yield of products is 99.4%. The catalyst can be reutilized up to five times with little decrease in activity．

147. Mechanical Comminution of Discarded HTPB Propellant

JIANG Da-yong, WANG Xuan-jun, BAI Yun and HAN Qi-long, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(2):184~187

Abstract: Three cutting machines were selected to study the comminution of HTPB, including cage wet grinder, dry cyclone and long-range control cutting machine. Using diameter ratio and loss rate of AP and Al as standards, dry cyclone is comparatively smashed method at present. The diameter of smached materials was about 1 mm, 8# detonator could be ignited by the commercial explosive prepared with the materials.

148. Degradation of UDMH Waste Water by Electrolyzed Oxidizing Water

LIU Yuan, XIA Benli and CONG Jixin, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 18(3):359~360

Abstract: Degradation of UDMH waste water by electrolyzed oxidizing water was studied.