BACK TO REFERENCES AND ABSTRACTS
Nanoenergetics
1. Preparation of Nanometer ZnTiO_3 and Its Effect on Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate
YANG Xing-hao, ZHANG Jing-lin, WANG Zuo-shan
School of Chemical Engineering and Enviornment of North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
Abstract: Nanometer ZnTiO3 powders were prepared by precipitation method, using TiCl4, Zn(NO3)2•6H2O and (NH4)2CO3 as primary materials. The prepared ZnTiO3 nanocrystals were characterized by XRD, FTIR and TEM. And the catalytic performance of ZnTiO3 nanocrystals for the ammonium perchlorate (AP) decomposition was investigated by DTA.ZnTiO3 with pure cube structure can be synthesized at 550℃ by this procedure. The powders was spheroid with particle size of about 100nm. The low and high temperature decomposition peaks of AP were decreased by 18.3℃ and 25.1℃ respectively when adding 5% nanoparticle ZnTiO3 powder. With increasing ZnTiO3 nanocrystals content in AP, the catalytic effects of ZnTiO3 powders on the high temperature decomposition of AP are enhanced and the catalytic effects of the low temperature decomposition of AP are decreased.
2. Powder Preparation and Experimental Research for Emergency Disposal of Propellant N_2O_4 Leakage
HOU Rui-qin1, 2, LIU Zheng2
1. The General Equipment Department Design and Research Institute, Beijing 100028, China
2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Abstract: In order to dispose propellant N2O4 leaking liquid in an emergency, uniform porous nano-size spherical Ca(OH)2 powder is prepared by CaO hydrolysis-azeotropic distillation method. The grain size of Ca(OH)2 is 200-300nm, the pore diameter is 8-15nm and the specific surface area is 63m2/g. A movable leakage disposal device is formed by filling the prepared powder into a pressure bottle. Leakage can be controlled by spraying the powder of the device over the leakage under pressure. Experiment results show that the removal rate of NO2 gas is up to 90%. Through adsorption, absorbtion, infiltration, interfacial chemical reactions, Ca(OH)2 powder capture NO2 gas and cover leaking liquid, preventing its evaporation and diffusion.
3. Preparation of Co Nanometer Powder Used for AP/HTPB Propellant
DEND Guo-dong, LIU Hong-ying, DUAN Hong-zhen
National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Centre of Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Abstract: Co nanometer powder was prepared by chemical reducing method using CoCl2•H2O and hydrated hydrazine(N2H4•H2O)as raw materials. The dendritical Co nanometer powder and the sphere Co nanometer powder were obtained under different technological conditions. The products were characterized by means of XRD and TEM, and thermal decomposition property of AP containing sphere Co nanometer powder were investigated by means of DTA. The results showed that the viscosity of reaction mediums and the property of dispersing agents had great influences on the particle size and appearance of the products. The sphere Co nanometer powder with particle size of 50-60nm was obtained under the best technological conditions. The sphere Co nanometer powder can reduce the decomposition temperature of AP greatly, and the burning rate of AP/HTPB propellant with the sphere Co nanometer powder of 2% can be increased and its pressure exponent can be reduced evidently.
4. Preparation and Catalysis Properties of Cr_2O_3 Nanorods
LIAO Hui-wei, MU Lan, ZHENG Min, MENG Yan-yan
Material Science and Engineering College, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang Sichuan 621000, China
Abstract: The α-Cr2O3 nanorods were synthesized by the hydrothermal route at 180 ℃ through the reaction of chromium(III) acetylacetonate as the source of chrome and the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB) as surfactant. The chromium(III) acetylacetonate as the intermediate was characterized by TG-DSC and IR. The X-ray diffraction results showed that the product was α-Cr2O3 with hexagonal crystal structure. The SEM images showed that the diameter of the nanorods was 70-80 nm and length was 0.5-1.2 μm. The DTA data showed that the original Cr2O3 nanorods had catalytic activity on the thermal decompositiom of RDX. Moreover, the annealed Cr2O3 nanorods could accelerate the thermal decomposition process of RDX obviously and make the decomposition temperature of RDX decrease by 10 ℃.
5. Effect of Carbon Nanotubes Supporting Transition Metal Oxides on Reaction Rate of Firework of Potassium Perchlorate
QIAN Xin-ming, WEI Si-fan, DENG Nan
State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijng Institute of Science and Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Abstract: Carbon nanotubes(CNTs) supporting ferric oxide(Fe2O3) and copper oxide(CuO)as composite particles catalyst was prepared by the chemical precipitation method, and characterized by XPS. The effect of Fe2O3/CNTs and CuO/CNTs composite particles catalyst on the decomposition reaction of fireworks containing potassium perchlorate(KP) was studied. The results show that Fe2O3 and CuO were coated uniformly on the surface of carbon nanotubes. The reaction rate of KP adding Fe2O3/CNTs and CuO/CNTs composite particles catalyst was enhanced. Catalytic properties of Fe2O3/CNTs and CuO/CNTs composite particles were superior to that of Fe2O3 and CuO.
6. Preparation, Mechanical Sensitivity and Thermal Decomposition Characteristics of RDX Nanoparticles
SONG Xiao-lan1, 2, LI Feng-sheng1, ZHANG Jing-lin2, WANG Yi1, AN Chong-wei1, GUO Xiao-de1
1.National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University ofScience and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
2.School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
Abstract: Via introducing 1, 2-epoxypropane as the agent for speeding up the hydrolyzation of Fe(Ⅲ) ions, RDX/Fe2O3 wet gel had been prepared by sol-gel method under the mild condition, then the RDX/Fe2O3 aerogel was obtained by means of CO2 supercritical extraction.Subsequently, the RDX nanoparticles were prepared until the amorphous Fe2O3 had been etched completely with diluted hydrochloric acid. TEM, SEM, EDS, XRD and DSC were employed to characterize the nano-RDX and to investigate its thermal decomposition characteristics, and mechanical sensitivity was tested.Results indicated that the as-prepared RDX nanoparticles is about 60-90nm. The impact sensitivity of nano-RDX is lower than that of the raw RDX somewhat, while its explosive probability for friction sensitivity is higher than that of raw RDX by 54%. The peak temperature and the activation energy for thermal decomposition of nano-RDX decreased by 10.74℃ and 18020J•mol-1, respectively, compared with those of the raw RDX.
7. Preparation of Nano α-Al_2O_3 Powder and Its Influence on the Impact Sensitivity of RDX
ZHANG Shao-ming, HU Shuang-qi, ZHAO Hai-xia
School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
Abstract: The nanometer α-Al2O3 powder was prepared by precipitation method with Al(OH)3 as raw material, and its structure was characterized by XRD, TEM and grain-testing. The influence of nanometer α-Al2O3 on the impact sensitivity of RDX was studied through testing the drop hammer impact of RDX and RDX/nanometer α-Al2O3. The action mechanism of the nanometer α-Al2O3 in the composite explosive was also discussed. The results showed that the average particle diameter powder of α-Al2O3 was 59.3nm, which was dispersive evenly;the impact sensitivity of RDX/nanometer α-Al2O3 decreased obviously with the increase in the nanometer α-Al2O3 content.
8. Preparation of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Its Catalysis on Fuel with High Metallic Content
ZHAO Wen-zhong, ZHENG Han-yong, LIN Bi-liang
The 718 Research Institute of CSIC, Handan Hebei 056027, China
Abstract: In order to study the catalysis of iron oxide nanoparticles on the metallic fuel, the nanoparticles of α-Fe2O3 were prepared using iron chloride as raw material and special surfactant as dispersant agent by an orthonormal test.Its grain size was 25.7nm, purity 99.5% and particles were spherical and well dispersed. The catalysis of iron oxide nanoparticles on the reak temperature of ammonium perchlorate(AP) decomposition was investigated by TGA. The results showed that iron oxide nanoparticles can decrease the low and high decomposition peak temperatures of AP by 7.37℃ and 58.12℃, while micrometer iron oxide can only decrease the two thermal decomposition peak temperature of AP by 4.21℃ and 14.31℃. The results of burning-rate test showed that iron oxide nanoparticles can improve the burning rate of metallic fuel 30 percent more than micrometer iron oxide.
9. Effect of Nano-scale Catalysts on Combustion Characteristics of Smokeless Composite Modified Double-base Propellant
WANG Han, ZHAO Feng-qi, FAN Xue-zhong, LI Ji-zhen, GAO Hong-xu, SHAO Chong-bin
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China
Abstract: The effect of energetic nano-scale organic lead salt(n-ONPP), nano-scale organic cupric salt(n-PAC) and carbon black(CB) on the combustion characteristics of smokeless composite modified double-base propellant(SLCMDB Propellant) is studied by uniform design and multi-factors regression analysis method, and the multi-factors regression analysis mathematics model(MFRAMM) is proposed. The results show that the mixture of n-ONPP and n-PAC, or n-ONPP and CB can obviously increase the burning rates of SLCMDB propellant at pressure less than 6MPa, while the increase is a little above 6MPa. The mixture of n-ONPP, n-PAC and CB with appropriate ratios, can not only increase the burning rates of the propellant in low and middle pressure zone, but also make the propellant produce plateau combustion in middle and high pressure zone.But the pressure range of plateau combustion is related to the various ratio of catalysts. Theoretical calculation show that n-PAC and CB play a major role of increasing the burning rate of the propellant in the pressure range of 2-4MPa, the interaction of n-ONPP, n-PAC and CB also has some effect on it. When the pressure is above 6MPa, n-ONPP and n-PAC have major effect on enhancing the burning rate of the propellant, while CB has supplementary effect on it.
10. Research Progress on Polymer/Layer Silicate Nanocomposite Materials for Anti-ablation
LI Dong, WANG Ji-gui
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China
Abstract: Based on the microstructure of layer-silicates and the theory of thermodynamics when intercatated polymer into layersilicate, the feasibility of preparing polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites and the modified methods of layer silicates were discussed. The theory of dispersion of nanosilicate in polymer melt and the key technique to reach nanoscale dispersion were introduced. The characterization and test method of microstructure, ablative mechanism and ablative properties of the composites were specialized and application prospects in rocket engine motor inner insulation were pointed out with 22 references.
11. The Applied Prospects of Nano-filler in the Modification of Unsaturated Polyester Inhibitor
QIANG Wei, WANG Ji-gui
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute , Xi'an 710065, China
Abstract: Unsaturated polyester(UP) as a solid propellant inhibitor has deficiencies of great fragility of solidification, low cofficient of elongation at low temperature, poor flame retardancy and resistant ablation . In order to overcome the deficiencies, some methods of modifying UP inhibitor by nano-filler are presented in references. In this paper, the current situation, recent progress and applied prospects in the toughness and flame retardancy of modifying UP inhibitor by nano-filler are summarized and reviewed with 21 references.
12. The Concept and Practice of Energetic Nanomaterials
MO Hong-jun, ZHAO Feng-qi
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China
Abstract: Energetic nanomaterials offer the potential of extremely high energy release, extraordinary combustion efficiency, high degree of tailorability with regards to rate of energy release, and reduced sensitivity. In this article, the concept issue (background and connotation) of energetic nanomaterials was introduced, and its recent progress in preparation, characterization, properties, relationship between structure and properties was summarized, and its superiority, possible and practical applications was reviewed with 13references respectively. In addition, some major problems in further research of energetic nanomaterials and their application in ammunition were also prospected.
13. Preparation and Thermal Decomposition Behavior of Carbon Nanotubes/Ammonium Perchlorate Composite Particles
CUI Ping~(1, 2), LI Feng-sheng~2, ZHOU Jian~2, JIANG Wei~2, YANG Yi~2
1.School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan Anhui 243002, China
2.National Special Superfine Powder of Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Abstract: The ammonium perchlorate/carbon nanotube composite particles are prepared by a novel solvent evaporation method and characterized by TEM, SEM, FT-IR and XRD. DTA experiments were used to characterize the catalytic performance of CNTs particles on the thermal decomposition of AP in the composite particles, the comparison samples by pure AP and simply mixing CNTs with AP.It is shown that CNTs have the catalytic effect and the CNTs in the composite particles exhibit the best catalytic performance on the thermal decomposition of AP. Compared with the sample of pure AP, the peak temperature of high temperature decomposition of AP/CNTs composite particles decreases 113.9℃, and the total heat release improves from 309.92J/g to 984.18J/g, and the simply mixing sample is 709.50J/g.It is shown that the catalytic performance of CNTs on the thermal decomposition of AP can be improved by composition.
14. Advance in Nanometric Ingredients and Nanocomposites of Energetic Materials
WANG Xin
CNGC North Insititute for Scientific and Technical Information, Beijing 100089, China
Abstract: Energetic nanomaterials offer the potential of extremely high heat release rates, extraordinary combustion efficiency, high degree of tailorability with regards to rate of energy release, and reduced sensitivity. Exploiting these possibilities requires a comprehensive understanding of preparation, properties and reaction dynamics of energetic nanomaterials.In this article, the research works on these issues of nanometric ingredients and energetic nanocomposites have been summarized. The main nanometric ingredients include explosive nanoparticles, aluminum and boron nanopowder, which have been prepared through supercritical fluid method, electric explosion and plasma technology respectively. There are three sorts of energetic nanocomposites which had been investigated, including MICs, carbon nanotube/explosive nanoparticles composites and explosives(or oxidizers) nanoparticles dispersing in continuous phase matrix, some of these composites exhibit novel property for ammunition application.
15. Preparation of Ferric Oxide/Carbon Nanotubes Composite Nano-Particles and Catalysis on Burning Rate of Ammonium Perchlorate
WANG Jing-nian, LI Xiao-dong, YANG Rong-jie
School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Abstract: Carbon nanotubes(CNTs) supporting ferric oxide(Fe_2O_3) as composite nano-particles catalyst was prepared by the liquid phase precipitation method, and was characterized by transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The effect of Fe_2O_3/CNTs composite nano-particles catalyst on the combustion of ammonium perchlorate(AP) was studied. The results show that nano-Fe_2O_3 was coated uniformly on the surface of CNTs. Thermal decomposition temperature of AP adding CNTs/Fe_2O_3 composite nano-particles catalyst decreases significantly, and the burning rate of AP adding CNTs/Fe_2O_3 composite nano-particles catalyst was improved. Catalytic properties of CNTs/Fe_2O_3 composite nano-particles is superior to that of nano-Fe_2O_3 and the simple mixture of CNTs and nano-Fe_2O_3.
16. Modification of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Inhibitor by Nano-TiO_2 Filler
MA Xiao-dong~1, QIANG Wei~2, LU Xiang-hui~2, WANG Ji-gui~2
1. Miliary Office, Xi'an North Huian Chemical Industrial Lt. Co., Xi'an 710302, China
2. Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China
Abstract: Although unsaturated polyester resin(UPR) inhibitor has many advantages, it also has some disadvantages, such as the large brittleness, the low elongation at low temperature(-40℃), and the poor matching degree with the propellant in respect of mechanical property.So it is necessary to improve the mechanical property of UPR inhibitor via modification. The samples of UPR modified with nano-TiO_2 filler has been thoroughly investigated through tensile test, DSC, TEM and SEM. The results indicate that the effect of nano-TiO_2 filler on mechanical property of the inhibitor samples is obvious. The elongation at low temperature is increased from 2% to about 4%, and the glass transition temperature(T_g) is declined, which indicate that the nano-TiO_2 filler has plasticization effect on UPR to some extent. The SEM and TEM photos of samples indicate that nano-TiO_2 filler has been dispersed uniformly in resin matrix, besides a little filler has agglomerated softly.
17. Catalytic Action on Combustion and Thermal Decomposition of AP with CNTs
GU Ke-zhuang, LI Xiao-dong, YANG Rong-jie
School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Abstract: Ammonium perchlorate(AP) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) compound was prepared by different mixing methods, namely dry-mixing method(1), water-mixing method(2) and acetone-mixing method(3), respectively. Combustion and thermal decomposition of AP with CNTs were studied. The results show that the burning rate of AP/CNTs compound increases, and pressure exponents decrease with the increasing of CNTs. The catalysis of CNTs on AP depend on different mixing methods.For AP/CNTs compounds Ⅰ-Ⅲ prepared by methods 1～3 respectively, the catalytic effect enhances, the burning rate increases and the pressure exponent decreases in the order ⅢⅡⅠ.
18. Researches and Progresses of Novel Energetic Materials
HUANG Hui~(1, 2), WANG Ze-shan~2, HAUNG Heng-jian~1, LI Jin-shan~1
1.Institute of Chemical Materials, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
2.Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Abstract: A survey of studies on novel energetic materials such as high energy density compounds(HEDC), metastable intermolecule compounds(MIC), and nano-structure materials as well as progresses made by project group in surface modification of HMX crystals and nanometer energetic composites is introduced. The results demostrates that the high energy low sensitive explosives obtain a great development and an extensive application. The non-CHNO high energy density materials are in an exploratory stage in theory. The crystal quality of high energy single-compound explosives used in the charge of insensitive munitions obtains a great enhancement. The nanometer porous silicon/nitrate composites possess strong exploding characters and could be a kind of novel energetic materials deserved to pay attention. The ordered arrys of nanometer carbon tube filled with RDX nanoline were also obtained.It is suggested that extensive and intensive researches should be done on novel nanometer energetic composites.
19. The Catalysis Performance of Ni Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes on the Thermal Decomposition of AP
BAI Hua-ping, LI Feng-sheng, SONG Hong-chang, ZHOU Jian, LIU Lei-li
School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Abstract: Ni nanoparticles were prepared by solution-reduction method and Ni/CNTs composite particles carried as carbon nanotubes were prepared by chemical deposition method. The nanoparticles were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD and FT-IR. DTA was employed to test the catalytic effects of these nanoparticles on the thermal decomposition of AP. The results indicated that Ni nanoparticles had better catalytic effect on the high temperature decomposition of AP, and the peak temperature of high temperature decomposition of AP decreased 104.47℃.For Ni/CNTs composite particles, the peak temperature of high temperature decomposition of AP decreased(137.05)℃, and the peak of low temperature decomposition of AP disappeared.It was proved that CNTs accelerated the catalytic effect of Ni nanoparticles on the thermal decomposition of AP.
20. The Catalysis of Nanometer Transition Metal Oxide Adulterated with Rare Earth Oxide on the Thermal Decomposition of AP
YANG Yi, LIU Hong-ying, LI Feng-sheng, ZHANG Xiu-yan, LIU Jian-xun
National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Abstract: To study the catalysis of nanometer transition metal oxide(TMO) and rare earth oxide(REO) on the thermal decomposition of AP, nanometer TMO(Fe_2O_3, CuO and Co_2O_3) and nanometer REO(CeO_2, Nd_2O_3 and Y_2O_3) were prepared. TEM, XRD, BET and nanometer sizing test instrument were employed to analyze these samples. The result indicated that samples were nanometer metal oxide particles with high specific surface area. The DTA results of nanometer metal oxide compound with AP indicated that different nanometer metal oxides are of different catalysis on AP thermal decomposition, while tendency of the catalysis of TMO and REO can not be found.However, nanometer Co_2O_3 and Y_2O_3 show outstanding catalysis in TMO and REO.
21. Preparation of RDX Microcrystals with Nanometer Size by Recrystalization
ZHANG Yong-xu, Lü Chun-xu, LIU Da-bin
Chemical Engineering School, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Abstract: RDX microcrystals with different sizes from about 50 nm to several μm were prepared by simply dispersing acetone solutions of RDX into stirred water, i. E. by recrystalization. The influence of RDX concentration of initial acetone solution on RDX microcrystals growth, and the particle size of RDX microcrystals at room temperature were studied by TEM and DLS. The required microcrystals of different sizes by controlling RDX concentration of initial acetone solution were gained. A kinetic model for crystallization has been established. The relationship between RDX concentration of initial acetone and the crystal size was clarified by this model, showing that the model was well in accord with the experiment results.
22. Effect of Nano-catalysts on the Combustion Properties of DB/RDX-CMDB Propellants
ZHAO Feng-qi~1, HONG Wei-liang~2, CHEN Pei~1, LIU Jian-hong~2 , LUO Yang~1, GAO Hong-xu~1, WANG Bai-cheng~1 , TIAN De-yu~2, LI Shang-wen~1
1. Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, 710065, China
2. Department of Chemistry and Biology, Normal College, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
Abstract: The effects of ten kinds of nano-catalysts on the combustion properties of DB/RDX-CMDB propellant were investigated. The results show that the treated nano-composite (n-TPCC) is an effective combustion catalyst. The catalyst enables the double base propellant to emerge the mesa effect between 6 and 10MPa and its pressure exponent to decrease to -0.867. Improving the addition method of n-TPCC can obviously increase the catalytic effectivity at low pressure. The n-TPCC added together with carbon black brings about RDX-CMDB propellant to possess the higher burning rates, to produce wider plateau zone from 12MPa to 22MPa and to decrease the pressure exponent to less than 0.3.
23. The Effect of Carbon Nanotubes on the Thermal Decomposition of CL-20
YU Xian-feng
Department 63961 of PLA, Beijing 100012, China
Abstract: The effect of carbon nanotubes on the thermal decomposition of CL-20 is studied by means of DSD and TG. The results show that the addition of carbon nanotubes makes the onset temperature and peak temperature of DSC curve shift downwards, the value of activation energy thermal decomposition of CL-20 decrease from 184.3 kJ/mol to 172.2 kJ/mol and its decomposition heat reduce from 2 604.48 J/g to 2 256.69 J/g. The onset and the peak temperature, value of activation energy and decomposition heat of CL-20 decrease with the increase of carbon nanotubes.
24. Effect of Nano-catalysts on the Thermal Decomposition of Aminonitrobenzodifuroxan
ZHANG Wei, LI Jie, LI Xiao-meng, LUO Yun-jun, TAN Hui-min
School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology 100081, China
Abstract: The effect of nano-catalyists (Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, SnO2) on the decomposition of aminonitrobenzodifuroxane is studied by DSC and TG. The results show that four nano-catalysts all decrease its onset decomposition temperature and increase its end temperature. Fe2O3, TiO2 and SnO2 not only improve quantity of releasing heat of CL-18, but make the reaction relatively stable. With the increase of their content, the temperature of the most themogravimetric rate firstly increases and then decreases, but the quantity of the last solid residual always decreases. SnO2 and Al2O3 respectively make the first activation energy decrease 13.18 kJ/mol and 16.25 kJ/mol, and make the second activation energy decrease 40.49 kJ/mol and 43.96 kJ/mol. However, Fe2O3 only has an effect on the second activation energy and make it decrease 40.41 kJ/mol.
25. New Development of Explosives Technology
WANG Xiao feng, HAO Zhong zhang
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China
Abstract: In this paper, the new strides of explosives technology in high energy density compounds, metallic explosives, composite explosives, application of new polymer binders, reactive materials and application of nanometer materials are introduced. Some new ideas adopted in explosives research and application are also summarized. Then suggestion for developing explosives technology of our country is proposed.
26. The Application of Compounding Technique of Nano/Micro Particles in Solid Propellant and Explosive-I I. The principle of the properties, shape , size and numbers of core particles with coationg particles
LI Feng sheng, YANG Yi, LUO Fu sheng LIU Hong yun
Superfine Powder Center of Nanjing University of Sci & Techn, Nanjing 210094, China
Abstract: In this paper, the preparation of nano/micro composite particles of combustion catayzer, the oxidant/combustible composite particles , catealyzer/oxidant composite particles and the composite explosives with the nano/micro particles compounding technique is introduced . The principle of core particles and coating particles in designing the composite particles is discussed. And key points in composite particle handling are also concerned , when nano/micro composite particles are applied to these areas . The theory for the application and designing of nano/micro composite particles in explosives an solid propellants is provided.
27. Synthesis and Effect of Nanometer-sized Ferric Oxide on Catalyzing Decomposition of Absorbent Powder
XU Hong, LIU Jian hong, CHEN Pei
Normal College, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
Abstract: Nanometer sized ferric oxide was synthesized at room temperature by humid solid state reaction. The particles were characterized by scanning electron microscope and X ray diffraction. The effect of nanometer sized ferric oxide on catalyzing thermal decomposition reaction of absorbent powder (nitrocellulose absorbed nitroglycerin, NC/NG) was studied by DSC. The experimental results show that nanometer sized ferric oxide can catalyze the decomposition reaction of NC/NG effectively. The mechanism of this catalytic reaction was proposed.
28. Synthesis and Microstructural Control of Nanocrystalline CuO via Precipitation
LUO Yuan xiang, LI Dan, YANG Juan
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Abstract: The nanocrystalline CuO powders with different microstructure were prepared by precipitation method using Cu(NO 3) 2 as copper raw material, water or ethanol as dispersants, and NaOH or NaOH Na 2CO 3 as precipitates. The structure, particle size and morphology of resulting CuO powders were characterized by XRD and TEM. Results indicated that the microstructure of resulting CuO powders depends on calcining temperature, dispersants and precipitates. TEM photographs reveal that the CuO particles produced using water as dispersant are ellipsoids with good dispersity, while the CuO particles produced using ethanol as dispersant are spherical shape with better dispersity. Compared with NaOH as precipitate, the CuO particles produced using NaOH Na 2CO 3 as precipitate are smaller, but more heavily agglomerated. In addition, the catalysis of the nanocrystalline CuO powders on NH 4ClO 4 is investigated.
29. Study on the Properties and Improvement of HTPB
GU Zhong yun, YUAN Zhao hui, LI Shang bin
Institute of Chemical Materials, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
Abstract: This paper has mainly studied the properties of HTPB and of blending adhesive improved by EP, 123 resin and nano materials . The formulation of adhesive were determinded by primary study.
30. Research on Composite Explosive With Nano-Aluminium
HUANG Hui, HUANG Yong, LI Shang bin
Institute of Chemical Materials , CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
Abstract: Particle sizes of aluminium have significant effect on detonation property of aluminium bearing explosives. We gained new composite explosive by adding 20% superfine aluminium with 50 nm particle size in bonded explosive with RDX as main explosive. The detonation property and power strength of the new composite explosive are clearly higher than that of composite explosives containing 20% aluminium with 5 μm and 50 μm particle sizes.
31. Study on the Effects of nano-PbO on the Combustion Properties of Double-base Propellant
ZHANG Xiao hong;LONG Cun;WANG Tie cheng
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China
Abstract: The application of nano PbO to the double base propellant were thoroughly studied. It was found that nano PbO can be dispersed by colloid technology or ultrasonic wave technology, the catalytic ability of nano PbO is better than the common PbO, and its pressure rage of performance is larger than the common PbO. The pressure exponent of burning rate for the propellant containing nano PbO in the pressure range of 4～10 MPa is about 0.3. When nano PbO is mixed with copper compounds, the catalytic ability and the "mesa" effect can be reached, for these, it is the same as common PbO.
32. Research Status and Development Trends of Nanometer Materials in the Application of Propellants and Explosives
ZHAO Feng-qi, QIN Guang-ming, CAI Bing-yuan
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China
Abstract: This paper summarizes the research status of nanometer materials in the applicat ion of propellants and explosives, analyzes the key techniques to be solved in using nanometer materials and suggests the research direction of nanometer mat erials application in propellants and explosives.
33. A Novel Preparation Method to Nanometer CuO Powder
HONG Wei liang, ZHAO Feng qi, LIU Jian hong, TIAN De yu, LUO Zhong kuan
Department of Chemistry and Biology, Normal College, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
Abstract: Nanometer CuO powder was prepared by decomposition of precursors CuC 2O 4•2H 2O at 350℃. The precursors was synthesized by solid state reaction of Cu(Ac) 2•2H 2O with H 2C 2O 4•2H 2O at room temperature. The particle size and morphology of the nanometer CuO were determined by XRD and TEM. The results show that the particle sizes of samples are about 20～30nm.
34. Preparation of Composite Nanometer-sized Particle
ZHANG Ru bing, LIU Hong ying, LI Fen sheng
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Abstract: Copper chromite was mainly used to catalyze and decompose ammonium perchlorate. Ultra fine particals of copper chromite easily aggregated in the past, thus copper chromite can not do well in catalyzing ammonium perchlorate in the composition. In this thesis, we adopt solvent and non solvent method to make sol not onlybecome oversaturated but also precipitate crystalloid. It was a good settlementthat crystal nanometer sized copper chromite cladded by ammonium perchlorate and then they formed composite particals. In compound particles, nanometer sized copper chromite particles homogeneously dispersed in ammonium perchlorate. Surface effect of nanometer sized copper chromite made catalytic analytical temperature of ammonium perchlorate reduce.
35. Study on the Nanometer-sized Lead Oxide for the Burning Rate Catalysts
MA Feng guo, JI Shu tian, WU Wen hui, TAN Hui min
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Abstract: To study the effect of nanometer sized lead oxide on the burning property of NEPE propellant, by using FTIR, we studied the efect of burning rate catalysts on the thermal decomposition of HMX. The method of measuring burning rate by target lines at constant pressure was used to characterize the role of nanometer sized lead oxide in NEPE propellant. The IR spectroscopies showed that nanometer sized lead oxide catalysts system can be able to catalyze the decomposition of HMX. The results of the burning rate measurement showed that the nanometer sized lead oxide can play a role in decreasing the pressure exponent of NEPE propellant.
36. Preparation of Composite Nanometer sized Particle(Ⅱ)
ZHANG Ru bing, LIU Hong yin, LI Feng sheng
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Abstract: Copper oxide is a kind of catalyst that accelerates the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. The conglobation easily occurred when ultra fine ammonium perchlorate and copper oxide were mixed in the past, and so it hadn't optimum effect on the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. First we apply the method of spray pyrolysis to the preparation of nanometer copper oxide and then use energetic ball milling method to make nano sized copper oxide embeded in the crystalloid surface of ammonium perchlorate to form compound particle. We have preferably settled the problem. Nano sized copper oxide is uniformly scattered in compound particles. Because nano sized copper oxide is possessed of large specific area in the nature of high chemical activity, it greatly enhences catalysis effect on ammonium perchlorate and results in more derastic thermolytic dissociation.
37. Preparation of Composite Nanometer sized Particle(Ⅰ)
Zhang Rubing Zhang Fuqing Li Fensheng
Nanjing Institute of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094)
Abstract: Copper chromite was mainly used to catalyze and decompose ammonium perchlorete. Ultra fine particals of copper chromite easily aggreated in the past, thus copper chromite can not do well in catalyzing ammonium perchlorete in the composition. In this thesis we adopt solvent and non solvent method to make sol not only become oversaturated but also precipitate crystalloid. Ammonium perchlorate crystal cladding nanometer sized copper chromite and forming composite particals were a good settlement. In compound particles, nanometer sized copper chromite particles homogeneously dispersed in ammonium perchlorate. Surface effect of nanometer sized copper chromite made catalytic analytical temperature of ammonium perchlorate reduce.
38. Preparation and Catalytic Activity of Co/CNTs Nanocomposites via Microwave Irradiation
Xiaojuan Zhang , Wei Jiang , Dan Song , Yong Liu , Jingjing Geng , Fengsheng Li [National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China, Nanjing, 210094 (China], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 34: 151–154
Abstract: Co nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared by microwave-assisted heating of the hydrazine reduction in ethylene glycol (EG). The Co/CNT nanocomposites prepared by the microwave-irradiation method (MIM-Co/CNTs) were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, and BET. It was found that MIM-Co/CNTs had compact coating, high cobalt loading, and large BET surface area. The obtained products for the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) were investigated by DTA. The catalytic activity of MIM-Co/CNTs was better than that of pure Co nanoparticles and Co/CNT nanocomposites by water-bath method (WBM-Co/CNTs). The addition of 5 wt.-% MIM-Co/CNTs decreased the high decomposition temperature of AP by 174.05 °C and increased the total DTA heat release by 0.799 kJ g−1.
39. Effect of Habit Modifiers on Morphology and Properties of Nano-HNS Explosive in Prefilming Twin-Fluid Nozzle-Assisted Precipitation
Hao Huang1 [School of Aerospace Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081 (China], Jingyu Wang2 [Chemical Industry and Ecology Institute, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051 (China], Wenzheng Xu2 [Chemical Industry and Ecology Institute, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051 (China], Ruizheng Xie3 [213th Research Institute of China Ordnance Industry, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061 (China], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 34: 78–83.
Abstract: In order to investigate the effect of crystal habit modifiers (CHM) on morphology, purity, thermal properties, and short duration shock pulses sensitivity of HNS, nanocrystalline HNS was recrystallized from ultra-pure water by the prefilming twin-fluid nozzle-assisted precipitation (PTFN-P) method with two different CHMs and without CHM. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) and white dextrine (WD) were selected as CHMs. The particles were characterized using SEM, BET, HPLC, DSC, and electrically exploded metal-foil driven flyer plate. The morphology of HNS explosive without modifiers was demonstrated to be short plate-like. However, in the presence of CMC-Na and WD as modifiers, long plate-like and ellipsoid morphologies were observed, respectively. The nanocrystalline HNS prepared with CMC-Na was more receptive to high velocity flyer impact than samples produced under the other two conditions. Its sensitivity to short duration shock waves was elevated to twice the value of HNS obtained in the absence of modifiers. CMC-Na was found to be a better modifier.
40. Preparation and Characterization of Nano-TATB Explosive
Guangcheng Yang, Fude Nie, Hui Huang, Lin Zhao, Wanting Pang [Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, Sichuan, China], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 31: 390–394.
Abstract: Nano-TATB was prepared by solvent/nonsolvent recrystallization with concentrated sulfuric acid as solvent and water as nonsolvent. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the appearance and the size of the particles. The results revealed that nano-TATB particles have the shape of spheres or ellipsoids with a size of about 60 nm. Due to their small diameter and high surface energy, the particles tended to agglomerate. By using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), broadening of diffraction peaks and decreasing intensity were observed, when the particle sizes decreases to the nanometer size range. The corrected average particle size of nano-TATB was estimated using the Scherrer equation and the size ranged from 27 nm to 41 nm. Furthermore, the specific surface area and pore diameter of nano-TATB were determined by BET method. The values were 22 m2/g and 1.7 nm respectively. Thermogravimetric (TG) and Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) curves revealed that thermal decomposition of nano-TATB occurs in the range of 356.5 °C–376.5 °C and its weight loss takes place at about 230 °C. Furthermore, a slight increase in the weight loss was observed for nano-TATB in comparison with micro-TATB.
41. Research on the Combustion Properties of Propellants with Low Content of Nano Metal Powders
Jiang Zhi1, Li Shu-Fen1 [Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China], Zhao Feng-Qi2, Liu Zi-Ru2, Yin Cui-Mei2, Luo Yang2, Li Shang-Wen2 [Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Inst., Xi'an 710065, PR China], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 31: 139–147.
Abstract: A comparison of various experimental results for combustionrelated properties evaluation, including burning rates, deflagration heat, flame structures and thermal decomposition properties, of AP/RDX/Al/HTPB composite propellants containing nano metal powders is presented. The thermal behavior of n-Al (nano grain size aluminum) and g-Al (general grain size aluminum i. E., 10 μm) heated in air was also investigated by thermogravimetry. The burning rates results indicate that the usage of bimodal aluminum distribution with the ratio around 4 : 1 of n-Al to g-Al or the addition of 2% nano nickel powders (n-Ni) will improve the burning behavior of the propellant, while the usage of grading aluminum powders with the ratio 1 : 1 of n-Al to g-Al will impair the combustion of the propellant. Results show that n-Al and n-Ni both have a lower heating capacity, lower ignition threshold and shorter combustion time than g-Al. In addition n-Al is inclined to burn in single particle form. And the thermal analysis results show that n-Ni can catalyze the thermal decomposition of AP in the propellant. The results also confirm the high reactivity of n-Al, which will lead to a lower reaction temperature and rather higher degree of reaction ratio as compared with g-Al in air. All these factors will influence the combustion of propellants.
42. Preparation and Characterization of Reticular Nano-HMX
Zhang Yongxu, Liu Dabin, Lv Chunxu [Chemical Engineering School, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, PR China], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 30: 438–441.
Abstract: Reticularly structured HMX (octahydro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetranitro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetrazocine) of nano-size particles was simply prepared by reprecipitation at room temperature. The sample prepared by reprecipitation was characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, DSC, and drop weight impact. The results of SEM and TEM indicated that spherical HMX particles of about 50 nm in diameter aggregated into reticularly structured conglomerates. There are two phases (γ- and β-HMX) existing in the reticularly structured HMX as shown in the XRD pattern. It was also proved by DSC that the maximum energy release during decomposition of the reticularly structured HMX is at lower temperature. In addition, the testing result of drop weight impact showed that the reticularly structured HMX is less sensitive to impact.
43. Effects of Nanometer Ni, Cu, Al and NiCu Powders on the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate
Leili Liu, Fengsheng Li, Linghua Tan, Li Ming, Yang Yi [National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, P.R. China], Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 29: 34–38.
Abstract: A study of the decomposition behaviour for Ammonium Perchlorate(AP) was carried out by differential thermal analysis and the two decomposition peaks were observed. The high temperature peak was found to shift to lower temperatures, but the corresponding shift in the low temperature peak was smaller due to the effect of nanometer metal powders. Results shows that Cu and NiCu nanopowders decreased both the high and low decomposition temperature, while Ni and Al nanopowders just decreased the high decomposition temperature and increased the low decomposition temperature. Metal micron-sized powders show catalytic effects on the thermal decomposition of AP, but their effects are less than that of nanometer metal powders. With the increase in content, nanometer metal powders enhanced their catalytic effect on the high temperature decomposition of AP, however their effect was weakened on the low temperature decomposition.
44. Preparation and Characterization of Nano-NTO Explosive.
Guangcheng Yang [Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan, China], Fude Nie [Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan, China], Jinshan Li [Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan, China], Qiuxia Guo [Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan, China], Zhiqiang Qiao [Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan, China], Journal of Energetic Materials; Jan2007, Vol. 25 Issue 1, p35-47,
Abstract: Nano-NTO particles (5-nitro-2, 4-dihydro-3H-1, 2, 4-triazole-3-one) were prepared by the spray freezing into liquid (SFL) method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis methods were used to characterize the particles. The results show that the NTO particles have an elongated shape with a size of 70-90 nm. With NTO particle size reduced to the nanometer range, the XRD diffraction peaks broaden and the peak intensity weakens. Nano-NTO decomposes at a lower temperature and is less sensitive to impact stimuli compared with micro-NTO.
45. Preparation of CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles and Their Effects on the Thermal Decomposition of AP
WU Bing-heng and HU Shuang-qi, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(3):278~282
Abstract: The precursor of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles was prepared by in situ chemical precipitation at the oil-water interface，and its thermal decomposition characteristics were studied by DSC. The as-prepared CoFe2O4 nanoparticles calcined at different temperatures were characterized by XRD and TEM，and the effects of catalysis of the CoFe2O4 nanoparticles with different contents on the ammonium perchlorate decomposition were studied by DSC. Results show that CoFe2O4 nanoparticles with spinel structure initially are formed at 300 ℃，and with the increasing of calcination temperature，the crystallization tends to be completed and the crystallite size increases gradually. The CoFe2O4nanoparticles with small particle size and good crystallinity can be obtained after heat treatment at 500 ℃. Adding CoFe2O4 nanoparticles can remarkably decrease the high temperature decomposition peaks of AP and the catalytic effect is increased with the increasing of content of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles.
46. Theoretical Study on Thermal Decomposition of Nitromethane Confined Inside a Armchair (5, 5) Single-wall Carbon Nanotube
WANG Luo-xin, WU Zhong-bo, TUO Xin-lin, ZOU Han-tao, XU Jie, YI Chang-hai and XU Wei-lin, . Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(5):518~522
Abstract: The molecular structures and thermal decomposition of nitromethane confined inside a armchair (5, 5) single-wall carbon nanotube were studied by using the complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) and ONIOM level of theory. Results show that nitromethane confined inside a CNT (5, 5) has no Cs symmetry and the C—N bond becomes short slightly. Analysis of the potential energy curves along the C—N bond length shows that a transition state exists for the thermal decomposition of nitromethane/CNT(5, 5), which is different from that of nitromethane monomer (no transition state for the C—N bond dissociation). For nitromethane/CNT(5, 5), the energy barrier of the transition state is calculated to be about 198 kJ•mol-1, which is about 21 kJ•mol-1 lower than that of the C—N bond dissociation energy of nitromethane monomer. In addition, calculated results show that the (5, 5) single-wall carbon nanotube has effect on the changing in the molecular structure and electronic charge of NO2 and CH3 groups during the thermal decomposition process of nitromethane.
47. Preparation of Nano-CuO and Its Effect on Pressure Index of Double-base Propellant
DU Ping, LIAO Xin, MIAO Xiao-chun and WANG Ze-shan, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(5):599~602
Abstract: Nano-CuO was prepared by the precipitation method using NH4HCO3 as the precipitator. The as-prepared nano-CuO were characterized by XRD, TEM, and SEM. The effect of nano-CuO on burning performance of double-base propellant was tested by constant-volume burning experiment. The results show that nano-CuO is composed of well-dispersed spherical particles with an average size of 10-15 nm; the burning performance of double-base propellant has obvious change after adding nano-CuO; pressure index of the propellant is reduced from 0.9329 to 0.8539; compared with general CuO reagent, nano-CuO can obviously reduce the pressure-index of the propellant.
48. Catalytic Effect of Carbon Nanotubes on Pyrotechnics
QIAN Xin-ming, DENG Nan, WEI Si-fan and LI Zeng-yi, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(5):603~607
Abstract: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were added into pyrotechnics with potassium perchlorate and potassium nitrate by water-mixing method and acetone-mixing method. And accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) was used to study catalysis for pyrotechnics with potassium perchlorate and potassium nitrate adding CNTs. Results show that CNTs can catalyze pyrotechnics with potassium perchlorate and potassium nitrate, and the best adding method is water-mixing method. For the pyrotechnics with potassium perchlorate adding CNTs by water-mixing method, the maximal reaction rate is 8.21 min-1, which is 4.15 times of pyrotechnics adding no catalyst; and time to maximal rate is 52.09 min, which is 56.4% lower than that of pyrotechnics adding no catalyst. For the pyrotechnics with potassium nitrate adding CNTs by water-mixing method, the maximal reaction rate is 8.52 min-1, which is 1.51 times of pyrotechnics adding no catalyst; and time to maximal rate is 141.83 min, which is 11.0% lower than that of pyrotechnics adding no catalyst.
49. Treatment of TNT Wastewater with Nanometer Photocatalysts Recycle-free
YANG Yi, WANG Qi-wei and WANG Lian-jun, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(5):625~629
Abstract: To improve the dispersion of nanoparticles and avoid the recycle process of nanomaterials for water treatment, nanocomposite materials were prepared and a new photocatalytic reactor was designed. SEM, XRD and specific surface area tester were employed to characterize the as-prepared nanometer TiO2/diatomite composites and nanometer TiO2/SiO2 composites. Results show that the as-prepared nanocomposite materials are in the nature of very fine nanometer particles in diameter and high specific surface area and pore volume. After 6 times reusing of the as-prepared nanocomposite materials, the degradation efficiencies of TNT wastewater are kept over 90 percent by loading it on the photocatalytic reactor, while the degradation efficiencies are decreased quickly from about 97 percent to about 50 percent by dispersing nanocomposite materials in wastewater. Furthermore, IR spectra results of treated-wastewater show that residual nanocomposite materials are dispersed in wastewater. However, the residual photocatalysts are not dispersed in the treated-wastewater by using the photocatalytic reactor, which mean that the recycle processes to nanometer photocatalysts are not required anymore for normal wastewater treatment.
50. Preparation and Characterization of Nano-CNTs/KNO3 Composites
CUI Qing-zhong, JIAO Qing-jie and LIU Shuai, Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2009, 17(6):685~688
Abstract: The carbon nano-tubes/potassium nitrate (CNTs/KNO3) composites were prepared by recrystalization and neutralization method respectively. Micro-morphologies and thermal decomposition properties were characterized by scanning electron mitroscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), specific surface area (SSA and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The results show that KNO3 is coated on the surface of CNTs by two methods. SSA of the nano-CNTs/KNO3 composites by recrystalization decreases about 113.9 m2•g-1<./sup> compared with that of CNTs, while the thermal decomposition temperature is the same as that of KNO3. SSA of the nano-CNTs/KNO3 composites prepared by neutralization decreases about 138.7 m2•g-1<./sup> compared with that of CNTs, and the thermal decomposition temperature decreases about 28 ℃ compared with that of KNO3. Results show that in neutralization, CNTs has catalytic effect on the thermal decomposition of KNO3.
